Excel Formula for Everyone

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Funciton Description Syntex
ABS Returns the absolute value of a number. The
  absolute value of a number is the number without its sign.		 ABS(number)
ACCRINT Returns the accrued
  interest for a security that pays periodic interest.		 ACCRINT(issue,first_interest,settlement,rate,par,frequency,basis,calc_method)
ACCRINTM Returns the accrued interest for a security that
  pays interest at maturity.		 ACCRINTM(issue,settlement,rate,par,basis)
ACOS Returns the arccosine, or
  inverse cosine, of a number. The arccosine is the angle whose cosine is number. The returned angle is given
  in radians in the range 0 (zero) to pi.		 ACOS(number)
ACOSH Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a number.
  Number must be greater than or equal to 1. The inverse hyperbolic cosine is
  the value whose hyperbolic cosine is number, so ACOSH(COSH(number)) equals number.		 ACOSH(number)
ADDRESS Creates a cell address as
  text, given specified row and column numbers.		 ADDRESS(row_num,column_num,abs_num,a1,sheet_text)
AMORDEGRC Returns the depreciation for each accounting
  period. This function is provided for the French accounting system. If an
  asset is purchased in the middle of the accounting period, the prorated
  depreciation is taken into account. The function is similar to AMORLINC,
  except that a depreciation coefficient is applied in the calculation
  depending on the life of the assets.		 AMORDEGRC(cost,date_purchased,first_period,salvage,period,rate,basis)
AMORLINC Returns the depreciation
  for each accounting period. This function is provided for the French
  accounting system. If an asset is purchased in the middle of the accounting
  period, the prorated depreciation is taken into account.		 AMORLINC(cost,date_purchased,first_period,salvage,period,rate,basis)
AND Returns TRUE if all its arguments are TRUE; returns
  FALSE if one or more argument is FALSE.		 AND(logical1,logical2, ...)
AREAS Returns the number of
  areas in a reference. An area is a range of contiguous cells or a single
  cell.		 AREAS(reference)
ASIN Returns the arcsine, or inverse sine, of a number.
  The arcsine is the angle whose sine is number. The returned angle is given in radians in the range -pi/2 to
  pi/2.		 ASIN(number)
ASINH Returns the inverse
  hyperbolic sine of a number. The inverse hyperbolic sine is the value whose
  hyperbolic sine is number, so
  ASINH(SINH(number)) equals number.		 ASINH(number)
ATAN Returns the arctangent, or inverse tangent, of a
  number. The arctangent is the angle whose tangent is number. The returned angle is given in radians in the range -pi/2 to
  pi/2.		 ATAN (number)
ATAN2 Returns the arctangent, or
  inverse tangent, of the specified x- and y-coordinates. The arctangent is the
  angle from the x-axis to a line containing the origin (0, 0) and a point with
  coordinates (x_num, y_num). The angle is given in radians between -pi and pi,
  excluding -pi.		 ATAN2(x_num,y_num)
ATANH Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number.
  Number must be between -1 and 1 (excluding -1 and 1). The inverse hyperbolic
  tangent is the value whose hyperbolic tangent is number, so ATANH(TANH(number)) equals number.		 ATANH(number)
AVEDEV Returns the average of the
  absolute deviations of data points from their mean. AVEDEV is a measure of
  the variability in a data set.		 AVEDEV(number1,number2,...)
AVERAGE Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of the
  arguments.		 AVERAGE(number1,number2,...)
AVERAGEA Calculates the average
  (arithmetic mean) of the values in the list of arguments.		 AVERAGEA(value1,value2,...)
AVERAGEIF Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of all the
  cells in a range that meet a given criteria.		 AVERAGEIF(range,criteria,average_range)
AVERAGEIFS Returns the average
  (arithmetic mean) of all cells that meet multiple criteria.		 AVERAGEIFS(average_range,criteria_range1,criteria1,criteria_range2,criteria2…)
BAHTTEXT Converts a number to Thai text and adds a suffix of
  "Baht."		 BAHTTEXT(number)
BESSELI Returns the modified
  Bessel function, which is equivalent to the Bessel function evaluated for
  purely imaginary arguments.		 BESSELI(x,n)
BESSELJ Returns the Bessel function. BESSELJ(x,n)
BESSELK Returns the modified
  Bessel function, which is equivalent to the Bessel functions evaluated for
  purely imaginary arguments.		 BESSELK(x,n)
BESSELY Returns the Bessel function, which is also called
  the Weber function or the Neumann function.		 BESSELY(x,n)
BETADIST Returns the cumulative
  beta probability density function. The beta distribution is commonly used to
  study variation in the percentage of something across samples, such as the
  fraction of the day people spend watching television.		 BETADIST(x,alpha,beta,A,B)
BETAINV Returns the inverse of the cumulative beta
  probability density function for a specified beta distribution. That is, if
  probability = BETADIST(x,...), then BETAINV(probability,...) = x. The beta
  distribution can be used in project planning to model probable completion
  times given an expected completion time and variability.		 BETAINV(probability,alpha,beta,A,B)
BIN2DEC Converts a binary number
  to decimal.		 BIN2DEC(number)
BIN2HEX Converts a binary number to hexadecimal. BIN2HEX(number,places)
BIN2OCT Converts a binary number
  to octal.		 BIN2OCT(number,places)
BINOMDIST Returns the individual term binomial distribution
  probability. Use BINOMDIST in problems with a fixed number of tests or
  trials, when the outcomes of any trial are only success or failure, when
  trials are independent, and when the probability of success is constant
  throughout the experiment. For example, BINOMDIST can calculate the
  probability that two of the next three babies born are male.		 BINOMDIST(number_s,trials,probability_s,cumulative)
CEILING Returns number rounded up,
  away from zero, to the nearest multiple of significance. For example, if you
  want to avoid using pennies in your prices and your product is priced at
  $4.42, use the formula =CEILING(4.42,0.05) to round prices up to the nearest nickel.		 CEILING(number,significance)
CELL Returns information about the formatting, location,
  or contents of the upper-left cell in a reference.		 CELL(info_type,reference)
CHAR Returns the character
  specified by a number. Use CHAR to translate code page numbers you might get
  from files on other types of computers into characters.		 CHAR(number)
CHIDIST Returns the one-tailed probability of the
  chi-squared distribution. The χ2 distribution is associated with a χ2 test. Use the χ2 test to compare observed and expected values. For example, a
  genetic experiment might hypothesize that the next generation of plants will
  exhibit a certain set of colors. By comparing the observed results with the
  expected ones, you can decide whether your original hypothesis is valid.		 CHIDIST(x,degrees_freedom)
CHIINV Returns the inverse of the
  one-tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution. If probability =
  CHIDIST(x,...), then CHIINV(probability,...) = x. Use this function to
  compare observed results with expected ones in order to decide whether your
  original hypothesis is valid.		 CHIINV(probability,degrees_freedom)
CHITEST Returns the test for independence. CHITEST returns
  the value from the chi-squared (χ2) distribution for the statistic and the appropriate degrees of
  freedom. You can use χ2 tests to determine whether hypothesized results are verified
  by an experiment.		 CHITEST(actual_range,expected_range)
CHOOSE Uses index_num to return a
  value from the list of value arguments. Use CHOOSE to select one of up to 254
  values based on the index number. For example, if value1 through value7 are
  the days of the week, CHOOSE returns one of the days when a number between 1
  and 7 is used as index_num.		 CHOOSE(index_num,value1,value2,...)
CLEAN Removes all nonprintable characters from text. Use
  CLEAN on text imported from other applications that contains characters that
  may not print with your operating system. For example, you can use CLEAN to
  remove some low-level computer code that is frequently at the beginning and
  end of data files and cannot be printed.		 CLEAN(text)
CODE Returns a numeric code for
  the first character in a text string. The returned code corresponds to the
  character set used by your computer.		 CODE(text)
COLUMN Returns the column number of the given reference. COLUMN(reference)
COLUMNS Returns the number of
  columns in an array (array: Used to build single formulas that produce
  multiple results or that operate on a group of arguments that are arranged in
  rows and columns. An array range shares a common formula; an array constant
  is a group of constants used as an argument.) or reference.		 COLUMNS(array)
COMBIN Returns the number of combinations for a given
  number of items. Use COMBIN to determine the total possible number of groups
  for a given number of items.		 COMBIN(number,number_chosen)
COMPLEX Converts real and
  imaginary coefficients into a complex number of the form x + yi or x + yj.		 COMPLEX(real_num,i_num,suffix)
CONCATENATE Joins two or more text strings into one text
  string.		 CONCATENATE (text1,text2,...)
CONFIDENCE Returns a value that you
  can use to construct a confidence interval for a population mean. The
  confidence interval is a range of values. Your sample mean, x, is at the
  center of this range and the range is x ± CONFIDENCE. For example, if x is
  the sample mean of delivery times for products ordered through the mail, x ±
  CONFIDENCE is a range of population means. For any population mean, μ0, in this range, the
  probability of obtaining a sample mean further from μ0 than x is greater than
  alpha; for any population mean, μ0, not in this range, the probability of obtaining a sample mean
  further from μ0 than x is less than alpha. In other words, assume that we use
  x, standard_dev, and size to construct a two-tailed test at significance
  level alpha of the hypothesis that the population mean is μ0. Then we will not
  reject that hypothesis if μ0 is in the confidence interval and will reject that hypothesis
  if μ0 is
  not in the confidence interval. The confidence interval does not allow us to
  infer that there is probability 1 – alpha that our next package will take a
  delivery time that is in the confidence interval.		 CONFIDENCE(alpha,standard_dev,size)
CONVERT Converts a number from one measurement system to
  another. For example, CONVERT can translate a table of distances in miles to
  a table of distances in kilometers.		 CONVERT(number,from_unit,to_unit)
CORREL Returns the correlation
  coefficient of the array1 and array2 cell ranges. Use the correlation
  coefficient to determine the relationship between two properties. For
  example, you can examine the relationship between a location's average
  temperature and the use of air conditioners.		 CORREL(array1,array2)
COS Returns the cosine of the given angle. COS(number)
COSH Returns the hyperbolic
  cosine of a number.		 COSH(number)
COUNT Counts the number of cells that contain numbers and
  counts numbers within the list of arguments. Use COUNT to get the number of
  entries in a number field that is in a range or array of numbers.		 COUNT(value1,value2,...)
COUNTA Counts the number of cells
  that are not empty and the values within the list of arguments. Use COUNTA to
  count the number of cells that contain data in a range or array.		 COUNTA(value1,value2,...)
COUNTBLANK Counts empty cells in a specified range of cells. COUNTBLANK(range)
COUNTIF Counts the number of cells
  within a range that meet the given criteria.		 COUNTIF(range,criteria)
COUNTIFS Counts the number of cells within a range that meet
  multiple criteria.		 COUNTIFS(range1, criteria1,range2, criteria2…)
COUPDAYBS Returns the number of days
  from the beginning of the coupon period to the settlement date.		 COUPDAYBS(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)
COUPDAYS Returns the number of days in the coupon period
  that contains the settlement date.		 COUPDAYS(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)
COUPDAYSNC Returns the number of days
  from the settlement date to the next coupon date.		 COUPDAYSNC(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)
COUPNCD Returns a number that represents the next coupon
  date after the settlement date.		 COUPNCD(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)
COUPNUM Returns the number of
  coupons payable between the settlement date and maturity date, rounded up to
  the nearest whole coupon.		 COUPNUM(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)
COUPPCD Returns a number that represents the previous
  coupon date before the settlement date.		 COUPPCD(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)
COVAR Returns covariance, the
  average of the products of deviations for each data point pair. Use
  covariance to determine the relationship between two data sets. For example,
  you can examine whether greater income accompanies greater levels of
  education.		 COVAR(array1,array2)
CRITBINOM Returns the smallest value for which the cumulative
  binomial distribution is greater than or equal to a criterion value. Use this
  function for quality assurance applications. For example, use CRITBINOM to
  determine the greatest number of defective parts that are allowed to come off
  an assembly line run without rejecting the entire lot.		 CRITBINOM(trials,probability_s,alpha)
CUBEKPIMEMBER Returns a key performance
  indicator (KPI) property and displays the KPI name in the cell. A KPI is a
  quantifiable measurement, such as monthly gross profit or quarterly employee
  turnover, that is used to monitor an organization's performance.		 CUBEKPIMEMBER(connection,kpi_name,kpi_property,caption)
CUBEMEMBER Returns a member or tuple from the cube. Use to
  validate that the member or tuple exists in the cube.		 CUBEMEMBER(connection,member_expression,caption)
CUBEMEMBERPROPERTY Returns the value of a
  member property from the cube. Use to validate that a member name exists
  within the cube and to return the specified property for this member.		 CUBEMEMBERPROPERTY(connection,member_expression,property)
CUBERANKEDMEMBER Returns the nth, or ranked, member in a set. Use to
  return one or more elements in a set, such as the top sales performer or the
  top 10 students.		 CUBERANKEDMEMBER(connection,set_expression,rank,caption)
CUBESET Defines a calculated set
  of members or tuples by sending a set expression to the cube on the server,
  which creates the set, and then returns that set to Microsoft Office Excel.		 CUBESET(connection,set_expression,caption,sort_order,sort_by)
CUBESETCOUNT Returns the number of items in a set. CUBESETCOUNT(set)
CUBEVALUE Returns an aggregated
  value from the cube.		 CUBEVALUE(connection,member_expression1,member_expression2…)
CUMIPMT Returns the cumulative interest paid on a loan
  between start_period and end_period.		 CUMIPMT(rate,nper,pv,start_period,end_period,type)
CUMPRINC Returns the cumulative
  principal paid on a loan between start_period and end_period.		 CUMPRINC(rate,nper,pv,start_period,end_period,type)
DATE Returns the sequential serial number that
  represents a particular date. If the cell format was General before the function was entered, the result is formatted as a
  date.		 DATE(year,month,day)
DATEVALUE Returns the serial number
  of the date represented by date_text. Use DATEVALUE to convert a date
  represented by text to a serial number.		 DATEVALUE(date_text)
DAVERAGE Averages the values in a field (column) of records
  in a list or database that match conditions you specify.		 DAVERAGE(database,field,criteria)
DAY Returns the day of a date,
  represented by a serial number. The day is given as an integer ranging from 1
  to 31.		 DAY(serial_number)
DAYS360 Returns the number of days between two dates based
  on a 360-day year (twelve 30-day months), which is used in some accounting
  calculations. Use this function to help compute payments if your accounting
  system is based on twelve 30-day months.		 DAYS360(start_date,end_date,method)
DB Returns the depreciation
  of an asset for a specified period using the fixed-declining balance method.		 DB(cost,salvage,life,period,month)
DCOUNT Counts the cells that contain numbers in a field
  (column) of records in a list or database that match conditions that you
  specify.		 DCOUNT(database,field,criteria)
DCOUNTA Counts the nonblank cells
  in a field (column) of records in a list or database that match conditions
  that you specify.		 DCOUNTA(database,field,criteria)
DDB Returns the depreciation of an asset for a
  specified period using the double-declining balance method or some other
  method you specify.		 DDB(cost,salvage,life,period,factor)
DEC2BIN Converts a decimal number
  to binary.		 DEC2BIN(number,places)
DEC2HEX Converts a decimal number to hexadecimal. DEC2HEX(number,places)
DEC2OCT Converts a decimal number
  to octal.		 DEC2OCT(number, places)
DEGREES Converts radians into degrees. DEGREES(angle)
DELTA Tests whether two values
  are equal. Returns 1 if number1 = number2; returns 0 otherwise. Use this
  function to filter a set of values. For example, by summing several DELTA
  functions you calculate the count of equal pairs. This function is also known
  as the Kronecker Delta function.		 DELTA(number1,number2)
DEVSQ Returns the sum of squares of deviations of data
  points from their sample mean.		 DEVSQ(number1,number2,...)
DGET Extracts a single value
  from a column of a list or database that matches conditions that you specify.		 DGET(database,field,criteria)
DISC Returns the discount rate for a security. DISC(settlement,maturity,pr,redemption,basis)
DMAX Returns the largest number
  in a field (column) of records in a list or database that matches conditions
  you that specify.		 DMAX(database,field,criteria)
DMIN Returns the smallest number in a field (column) of
  records in a list or database that matches conditions that you specify.		 DMIN(database,field,criteria)
DOLLAR The function described in
  this Help topic converts a number to text format and applies a currency
  symbol. The name of the function (and the symbol that it applies) depends
  upon your language settings.		 DOLLAR(number,decimals)
DOLLARDE Converts a dollar price expressed as a fraction
  into a dollar price expressed as a decimal number. Use DOLLARDE to convert
  fractional dollar numbers, such as securities prices, to decimal numbers.		 DOLLARDE(fractional_dollar,fraction)
DOLLARFR Converts a dollar price
  expressed as a decimal number into a dollar price expressed as a fraction.
  Use DOLLARFR to convert decimal numbers to fractional dollar numbers, such as
  securities prices.		 DOLLARFR(decimal_dollar,fraction)
DPRODUCT Multiplies the values in a field (column) of
  records in a list or database that match conditions that you specify.		 DPRODUCT(database,field,criteria)
DSTDEV Estimates the standard
  deviation of a population based on a sample by using the numbers in a field
  (column) of records in a list or database that match conditions that you
  specify.		 DSTDEV(database,field,criteria)
DSTDEVP Calculates the standard deviation of a population
  based on the entire population by using the numbers in a field (column) of
  records in a list or database that match conditions that you specify.		 DSTDEVP(database,field,criteria)
DSUM Adds the numbers in a
  field (column) of records in a list or database that match conditions that
  you specify.		 DSUM(database,field,criteria)
DURATION Returns the Macauley duration for an assumed par
  value of $100. Duration is defined as the weighted average of the present
  value of the cash flows and is used as a measure of a bond price's response
  to changes in yield.		 DURATION(settlement,maturity,coupon,yld,frequency,basis)
DVAR Estimates the variance of
  a population based on a sample by using the numbers in a field (column) of
  records in a list or database that match conditions that you specify.		 DVAR(database,field,criteria)
DVARP Calculates the variance of a population based on
  the entire population by using the numbers in a field (column) of records in
  a list or database that match conditions that you specify.		 DVARP(database,field,criteria)
EDATE Returns the serial number
  that represents the date that is the indicated number of months before or
  after a specified date (the start_date). Use EDATE to calculate maturity
  dates or due dates that fall on the same day of the month as the date of
  issue.		 EDATE(start_date,months)
EFFECT Returns the effective annual interest rate, given
  the nominal annual interest rate and the number of compounding periods per
  year.		 EFFECT(nominal_rate,npery)
EOMONTH Returns the serial number
  for the last day of the month that is the indicated number of months before
  or after start_date. Use EOMONTH to calculate maturity dates or due dates
  that fall on the last day of the month.		 EOMONTH(start_date,months)
ERF Returns the error function integrated between
  lower_limit and upper_limit.		 ERF(lower_limit,upper_limit)
ERFC Returns the complementary
  ERF function integrated between x and infinity.		 ERFC(x)
ERROR.TYPE Returns a number corresponding to one of the error
  values in Microsoft Excel or returns the #N/A error if no error exists. You
  can use ERROR.TYPE in an IF function to test for an error value and return a
  text string, such as a message, instead of the error value.		 ERROR.TYPE(error_val)
EVEN Returns number rounded up
  to the nearest even integer. You can use this function for processing items
  that come in twos. For example, a packing crate accepts rows of one or two
  items. The crate is full when the number of items, rounded up to the nearest two,
  matches the crate's capacity.		 EVEN(number)
EXACT Compares two text strings and returns TRUE if they
  are exactly the same, FALSE otherwise. EXACT is case-sensitive but ignores
  formatting differences. Use EXACT to test text being entered into a document.		 EXACT(text1,text2)
EXP Returns e raised to the
  power of number. The constant e equals 2.71828182845904, the base of the
  natural logarithm.		 EXP(number)
EXPONDIST Returns the exponential distribution. Use EXPONDIST
  to model the time between events, such as how long an automated bank teller
  takes to deliver cash. For example, you can use EXPONDIST to determine the
  probability that the process takes at most 1 minute.		 EXPONDIST(x,lambda,cumulative)
FACT Returns the factorial of a
  number. The factorial of a number is equal to 1*2*3*...* number.		 FACT(number)
FACTDOUBLE Returns the double factorial of a number. FACTDOUBLE(number)
FALSE Returns the logical value
  FALSE.		 FALSE(
  )
FDIST Returns the F probability distribution. You can use
  this function to determine whether two data sets have different degrees of
  diversity. For example, you can examine the test scores of men and women
  entering high school and determine if the variability in the females is
  different from that found in the males.		 FDIST(x,degrees_freedom1,degrees_freedom2)
FIND FIND and FINDB locate one
  text string within a second text string, and return the number of the
  starting position of the first text string from the first character of the
  second text string.		 FIND(find_text,within_text,start_num)
FINV Returns the inverse of the F probability
  distribution. If p = FDIST(x,...), then FINV(p,...) = x.		 FINV(probability,degrees_freedom1,degrees_freedom2)
FISHER Returns the Fisher
  transformation at x. This transformation produces a function that is normally
  distributed rather than skewed. Use this function to perform hypothesis
  testing on the correlation coefficient.		 FISHER(x)
FISHERINV Returns the inverse of the Fisher transformation.
  Use this transformation when analyzing correlations between ranges or arrays
  of data. If y = FISHER(x), then FISHERINV(y) = x.		 FISHERINV(y)
FIXED Rounds a number to the
  specified number of decimals, formats the number in decimal format using a
  period and commas, and returns the result as text.		 FIXED(number,decimals,no_commas)
FLOOR Rounds number down, toward zero, to the nearest
  multiple of significance.		 FLOOR(number,significance)
FORECAST Calculates, or predicts, a
  future value by using existing values. The predicted value is a y-value for a
  given x-value. The known values are existing x-values and y-values, and the
  new value is predicted by using linear regression. You can use this function
  to predict future sales, inventory requirements, or consumer trends.		 FORECAST(x,known_y's,known_x's)
FREQUENCY Calculates how often values occur within a range of
  values, and then returns a vertical array of numbers. For example, use
  FREQUENCY to count the number of test scores that fall within ranges of
  scores. Because FREQUENCY returns an array, it must be entered as an array
  formula.		 FREQUENCY(data_array,bins_array)
FTEST Returns the result of an
  F-test. An F-test returns the two-tailed probability that the variances in
  array1 and array2 are not significantly different. Use this function to
  determine whether two samples have different variances. For example, given
  test scores from public and private schools, you can test whether these
  schools have different levels of test score diversity.		 FTEST(array1,array2)
FV Returns the future value of an investment based on
  periodic, constant payments and a constant interest rate.		 FV(rate,nper,pmt,pv,type)
FVSCHEDULE Returns the future value
  of an initial principal after applying a series of compound interest rates.
  Use FVSCHEDULE to calculate the future value of an investment with a variable
  or adjustable rate.		 FVSCHEDULE(principal,schedule)
GAMMADIST Returns the gamma distribution. You can use this
  function to study variables that may have a skewed distribution. The gamma
  distribution is commonly used in queuing analysis.		 GAMMADIST(x,alpha,beta,cumulative)
GAMMAINV Returns the inverse of the
  gamma cumulative distribution. If p = GAMMADIST(x,...), then GAMMAINV(p,...)
  = x.		 GAMMAINV(probability,alpha,beta)
GAMMALN Returns the natural logarithm of the gamma
  function, Γ(x).		 GAMMALN(x)
GCD Returns the greatest
  common divisor of two or more integers. The greatest common divisor is the
  largest integer that divides both number1 and number2 without a remainder.		 GCD(number1,number2, ...)
GEOMEAN Returns the geometric mean of an array or range of
  positive data. For example, you can use GEOMEAN to calculate average growth
  rate given compound interest with variable rates.		 GEOMEAN(number1,number2,...)
GESTEP Returns 1 if number ≥
  step; returns 0 (zero) otherwise. Use this function to filter a set of
  values. For example, by summing several GESTEP functions you calculate the
  count of values that exceed a threshold.		 GESTEP(number,step)
GETPIVOTDATA Returns data stored in a PivotTable report. You can
  use GETPIVOTDATA to retrieve summary data from a PivotTable report, provided
  the summary data is visible in the report.		 GETPIVOTDATA(data_field,pivot_table,field1,item1,field2,item2,...)
GROWTH Calculates predicted
  exponential growth by using existing data. GROWTH returns the y-values for a
  series of new x-values that you specify by using existing x-values and
  y-values. You can also use the GROWTH worksheet function to fit an
  exponential curve to existing x-values and y-values.		 GROWTH(known_y's,known_x's,new_x's,const)
HARMEAN Returns the harmonic mean of a data set. The
  harmonic mean is the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of reciprocals.		 HARMEAN(number1,number2,...)
HEX2BIN Converts a hexadecimal
  number to binary.		 HEX2BIN(number,places)
HEX2DEC Converts a hexadecimal number to decimal. HEX2DEC(number)
HEX2OCT Converts a hexadecimal
  number to octal.		 HEX2OCT(number,places)
HLOOKUP Searches for a value in the top row of a table or
  an array (array: Used to build single formulas that produce multiple results
  or that operate on a group of arguments that are arranged in rows and
  columns. An array range shares a common formula; an array constant is a group
  of constants used as an argument.) of values, and then returns a value in the
  same column from a row you specify in the table or array. Use HLOOKUP when
  your comparison values are located in a row across the top of a table of
  data, and you want to look down a specified number of rows. Use VLOOKUP when
  your comparison values are located in a column to the left of the data you
  want to find		 HLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,row_index_num,range_lookup)
HOUR Returns the hour of a time
  value. The hour is given as an integer, ranging from 0 (12:00 A.M.) to 23
  (11:00 P.M.).		 HOUR(serial_number)
HYPERLINK Creates a shortcut or jump that opens a document
  stored on a network server, an intranet (intranet: A network within an
  organization that uses Internet technologies (such as the HTTP or FTP
  protocol). By using hyperlinks, you can explore objects, documents, pages,
  and other destinations on the intranet.), or the Internet. When you click the
  cell that contains the HYPERLINK function, Microsoft Excel opens the file
  stored at link_location		 HYPERLINK(link_location,friendly_name)
HYPGEOMDIST Returns the hypergeometric
  distribution. HYPGEOMDIST returns the probability of a given number of sample
  successes, given the sample size, population successes, and population size.
  Use HYPGEOMDIST for problems with a finite population, where each observation
  is either a success or a failure, and where each subset of a given size is
  chosen with equal likelihood.		 HYPGEOMDIST(sample_s,number_sample,population_s,number_population)
IF Returns one value if a condition you specify
  evaluates to TRUE and another value if it evaluates to FALSE.		 IF(logical_test,value_if_true,value_if_false)
IFERROR Returns a value you
  specify if a formula evaluates to an error; otherwise, returns the result of
  the formula. Use the IFERROR function to trap and handle errors in a
  formula (formula: A sequence of values, cell references, names,
  functions, or operators in a cell that together produce a new value. A
  formula always begins with an equal sign (=).).		 IFERROR(value,value_if_error)
IMABS Returns the absolute value (modulus) of a complex
  number in x + yi or x + yj text format.		 IMABS(inumber)
IMAGINARY Returns the imaginary
  coefficient of a complex number in x + yi or x + yj text format.		 IMAGINARY(inumber)
IMARGUMENT Returns the argument theta, an angle expressed in
  radians		 IMARGUMENT(inumber)
IMCONJUGATE Returns the complex
  conjugate of a complex number in x + yi or x + yj text format.		 IMCONJUGATE(inumber)
IMCOS Returns the cosine of a complex number in x + yi or
  x + yj text format		 IMCOS(inumber)
IMDIV Returns the quotient of
  two complex numbers in x + yi or x + yj text format.		 IMDIV(inumber1,inumber2)
IMEXP Returns the exponential of a complex number in x +
  yi or x + yj text format.		 IMEXP(inumber)
IMLN Returns the natural
  logarithm of a complex number in x + yi or x + yj text format.		 IMLN(inumber)
IMLOG10 Returns the common logarithm (base 10) of a complex
  number in x + yi or x + yj text format.		 IMLOG10(inumber)
IMLOG2 Returns the base-2
  logarithm of a complex number in x + yi or x + yj text format.		 IMLOG2(inumber)
IMPOWER Returns a complex number in x + yi or x + yj text
  format raised to a power.		 IMPOWER(inumber,number)
IMPRODUCT Returns the product of 1
  to 255 complex numbers in x + yi or x + yj text format.		 IMPRODUCT(inumber1,inumber2,...)
IMREAL Returns the real coefficient of a complex number in
  x + yi or x + yj text format.		 IMREAL(inumber)
IMSIN Returns the sine of a
  complex number in x + yi or x + yj text format.		 IMSIN(inumber)
IMSQRT Returns the square root of a complex number in x +
  yi or x + yj text format.		 IMSQRT(inumber)
IMSUB Returns the difference of
  two complex numbers in x + yi or x + yj text format.		 IMSUB(inumber1,inumber2)
IMSUM Returns the sum of two or more complex numbers in x
  + yi or x + yj text format.		 IMSUM(inumber1,inumber2,...)
INDEX (array
  form)		 Returns the value of an
  element in a table or an array (array: Used to build single formulas
  that produce multiple results or that operate on a group of arguments that
  are arranged in rows and columns. An array range shares a common formula; an
  array constant is a group of constants used as an argument.), selected by the
  row and column number indexes.		 INDEX(array,row_num,column_num)
INDEX (reference form) Returns the reference of the cell at the
  intersection of a particular row and column. If the reference is made up of
  nonadjacent selections, you can pick the selection to look in.		 INDEX(reference,row_num,column_num,area_num)
INDIRECT Returns the reference
  specified by a text string. References are immediately evaluated to display
  their contents. Use INDIRECT when you want to change the reference to a cell
  within a formula without changing the formula itself.		 INDIRECT(ref_text,a1)
INFO Returns information about the current operating
  environment.		 INFO(type_text)
INT Rounds a number down to
  the nearest integer.		 INT(number)
INTERCEPT Calculates the point at which a line will intersect
  the y-axis by using existing x-values and y-values. The intercept point is
  based on a best-fit regression line plotted through the known x-values and
  known y-values. Use the INTERCEPT function when you want to determine the
  value of the dependent variable when the independent variable is 0 (zero).
  For example, you can use the INTERCEPT function to predict a metal's
  electrical resistance at 0°C when your data points were taken at room
  temperature and higher.		 INTERCEPT(known_y's,known_x's)
INTRATE Returns the interest rate
  for a fully invested security.		 INTRATE(settlement,maturity,investment,redemption,basis)
IPMT Returns the interest payment for a given period for
  an investment based on periodic, constant payments and a constant interest
  rate.		 IPMT(rate,per,nper,pv,fv,type)
IRR Returns the internal rate
  of return for a series of cash flows represented by the numbers in values.
  These cash flows do not have to be even, as they would be for an annuity.
  However, the cash flows must occur at regular intervals, such as monthly or
  annually. The internal rate of return is the interest rate received for an
  investment consisting of payments (negative values) and income (positive
  values) that occur at regular periods.		 IRR(values,guess)
ISBLANK Returns the logical value TRUE if value is a
  reference to an empty cell; otherwise it returns FALSE		 ISBLANK(value)
ISERR Returns the logical value
  TRUE if value is a reference to any error value except #N/A.; otherwise it
  returns FALSE		 ISERR(value)
ISERROR Returns the logical value TRUE if value is a
  reference to any error value (#N/A, #VALUE!, #REF!, #DIV/0!, #NUM!, #NAME?,
  or #NULL!).; otherwise it returns FALSE		 ISERROR(value)
ISEVEN Returns TRUE if number is
  even, or FALSE if number is odd.		 ISEVEN(number)
ISLOGICAL Returns the logical value TRUE if value is a
  reference to a logical value; otherwise it returns FALSE		 ISLOGICAL(value)
ISNA Returns the logical value
  TRUE if value is a reference to the #N/A (value not available) error value.;
  otherwise it returns FALSE		 ISNA(value)
ISNONTEXT Returns the logical value TRUE if value is a
  reference to any item that is not text. (Note that this function returns TRUE
  if value refers to a blank cell.).; otherwise it returns FALSE		 ISNONTEXT(value)
ISNUMBER Returns the logical value
  TRUE if value is a reference to a number; otherwise it returns FALSE		 ISNUMBER(value)
ISODD Returns TRUE if number is odd, or FALSE if number
  is even.		 ISODD(number)
ISPMT Calculates the interest
  paid during a specific period of an investment. This function is provided for
  compatibility with Lotus 1-2-3.		 ISPMT(rate,per,nper,pv)
ISREF Returns the logical value TRUE if value is a
  reference to a reference; otherwise it returns FALSE		 ISREF(value)
ISTEXT Returns the logical value
  TRUE if value is a reference to text; otherwise it returns FALSE		 ISTEXT(value)
KURT Returns the kurtosis of a data set. Kurtosis
  characterizes the relative peakedness or flatness of a distribution compared
  with the normal distribution. Positive kurtosis indicates a relatively peaked
  distribution. Negative kurtosis indicates a relatively flat distribution.		 KURT(number1,number2,...)
LARGE Returns the k-th largest
  value in a data set. You can use this function to select a value based on its
  relative standing. For example, you can use LARGE to return the highest,
  runner-up, or third-place score.		 LARGE(array,k)
LCM Returns the least common multiple of integers. The
  least common multiple is the smallest positive integer that is a multiple of
  all integer arguments number1, number2, and so on. Use LCM to add fractions
  with different denominators.		 LCM(number1,number2, ...)
LEFT LEFT returns the first
  character or characters in a text string, based on the number of characters
  you specify.		 LEFT(text,num_chars)
LEFTB LEFTB counts each double-byte character as 2 when
  you have enabled the editing of a language that supports DBCS and then set it
  as the default language. Otherwise, LEFTB counts each character as 1.		 LEFTB(text,num_bytes)
LEN LEN returns the number of
  characters in a text string.		 LEN(text)
LENB LENB returns the number of bytes used to represent
  the characters in a text string.		 LENB(text)
LINEST Calculates the statistics
  for a line by using the "least squares" method to calculate a
  straight line that best fits your data, and then returns an array that
  describes the line. You can also combine LINEST with other functions to
  calculate the statistics for other types of models that are linear in the
  unknown parameters, including polynomial, logarithmic, exponential, and power
  series. Because this function returns an array of values, it must be entered
  as an array formula.

   

    The equation for the line is:

   

    y = mx + b or

   

    y = m1x1 + m2x2 + ... + b (if there are multiple ranges of x-values)

   

   		 LINEST(known_y's,known_x's,const,stats)
LN Returns the natural logarithm of a number. Natural
  logarithms are based on the constant e (2.71828182845904).		 LN(number)
LOG Returns the logarithm of a
  number to the base you specify.		 LOG(number,base)
LOG10 Returns the base-10 logarithm of a number. LOG10(number)
LOGEST In regression analysis,
  calculates an exponential curve that fits your data and returns an array of
  values that describes the curve. Because this function returns an array of
  values, it must be entered as an array formula.

   

    The equation for the curve is:

   

    y = b*m^x or

   

    y = (b*(m1^x1)*(m2^x2)*_) (if there are multiple x-values)

   

   		 LOGEST(known_y's,known_x's,const,stats)
LOGINV Returns the inverse of the lognormal cumulative
  distribution function of x, where ln(x) is normally distributed with
  parameters mean and standard_dev. If p = LOGNORMDIST(x,...) then

  LOGINV(p,...) = x.		 LOGINV(probability,mean,standard_dev)
LOGNORMDIST Returns the cumulative
  lognormal distribution of x, where ln(x) is normally distributed with
  parameters mean and standard_dev. Use this function to analyze data that has
  been logarithmically transformed.		 LOGNORMDIST(x,mean,standard_dev)
LOOKUP (Vector form) Returns a value either from a one-row or one-column
  range or from an array (array: Used to build single formulas that produce
  multiple results or that operate on a group of arguments that are arranged in
  rows and columns. An array range shares a common formula; an array constant
  is a group of constants used as an argument.). The LOOKUP function has two
  syntax forms: the vector form and the array form. Use the vector form when
  you have a large list of values to look up or when the values may change over
  time.		 LOOKUP(lookup_value,lookup_vector,result_vector)
LOOKUP
  (Array form)		 Returns a value either
  from a one-row or one-column range or from an array (array: Used to build
  single formulas that produce multiple results or that operate on a group of
  arguments that are arranged in rows and columns. An array range shares a
  common formula; an array constant is a group of constants used as an
  argument.). The LOOKUP function has two syntax forms: the vector form and the
  array form. Use the array form when you have a small list of values and the
  values remain constant over time.		 LOOKUP(lookup_value,array)
LOWER Converts all uppercase letters in a text string to
  lowercase.		 LOWER(text)
MATCH Returns the relative
  position of an item in an array (array: Used to build single formulas
  that produce multiple results or that operate on a group of arguments that
  are arranged in rows and columns. An array range shares a common formula; an
  array constant is a group of constants used as an argument.) that matches a
  specified value in a specified order. Use MATCH instead of one of the LOOKUP
  functions when you need the position of an item in a range instead of the
  item itself.		 MATCH(lookup_value,lookup_array,match_type)
MAX Returns the largest value in a set of values. MAX(number1,number2,...)
MAXA Returns the largest value
  in a list of arguments.		 MAXA(value1,value2,...)
MDETERM Returns the matrix determinant of an array. MDETERM(array)
MDURATION Returns the modified
  Macauley duration for a security with an assumed par value of $100.		 MDURATION(settlement,maturity,coupon,yld,frequency,basis)
MEDIAN Returns the median of the given numbers. The median
  is the number in the middle of a set of numbers.		 MEDIAN(number1,number2,...)
MID MID returns a specific
  number of characters from a text string, starting at the position you
  specify, based on the number of characters you specify.		 MID(text,start_num,num_chars)
MIDB MIDB returns a specific number of characters from a
  text string, starting at the position you specify, based on the number of
  bytes you specify.		 MIDB(text,start_num,num_bytes)
MIN Returns the smallest
  number in a set of values.		 MIN(number1,number2,...)
MINA Returns the smallest value in the list of
  arguments.		 MINA(value1,value2,...)
MINUTE Returns the minutes of a
  time value. The minute is given as an integer, ranging from 0 to 59.		 MINUTE(serial_number)
MINVERSE Returns the inverse matrix for the matrix stored in
  an array.		 MINVERSE(array)
MIRR Returns the modified
  internal rate of return for a series of periodic cash flows. MIRR considers
  both the cost of the investment and the interest received on reinvestment of
  cash.		 MIRR(values,finance_rate,reinvest_rate)
MMULT Returns the matrix product of two arrays. The
  result is an array with the same number of rows as array1 and the same number
  of columns as array2.		 MMULT(array1,array2)
MOD Returns the remainder
  after number is divided by divisor. The result has the same sign as divisor.		 MOD(number,divisor)
MODE Returns the most frequently occurring, or
  repetitive, value in an array or range of data.		 MODE(number1,number2,...)
MONTH Returns the month of a
  date represented by a serial number. The month is given as an integer,
  ranging from 1 (January) to 12 (December).		 MONTH(serial_number)
MROUND Returns a number rounded to the desired multiple. MROUND(number,multiple)
MULTINOMIAL Returns the ratio of the
  factorial of a sum of values to the product of factorials.		 MULTINOMIAL(number1,number2,
  ...)
N Returns a value converted to a number. N(value)
NA Returns the error value
  #N/A. #N/A is the error value that means "no value is available."
  Use NA to mark empty cells. By entering #N/A in cells where you are missing
  information, you can avoid the problem of unintentionally including empty
  cells in your calculations. (When a formula refers to a cell containing #N/A,
  the formula returns the #N/A error value.)		 NA( )
NEGBINOMDIST Returns the negative binomial distribution.
  NEGBINOMDIST returns the probability that there will be number_f failures
  before the number_s-th success, when the constant probability of a success is
  probability_s. This function is similar to the binomial distribution, except
  that the number of successes is fixed, and the number of trials is variable.
  Like the binomial, trials are assumed to be independent.		 NEGBINOMDIST(number_f,number_s,probability_s)
NETWORKDAYS Returns the number of
  whole working days between start_date and end_date. Working days exclude
  weekends and any dates identified in holidays. Use NETWORKDAYS to calculate
  employee benefits that accrue based on the number of days worked during a
  specific term.		 NETWORKDAYS(start_date,end_date,holidays)
NOMINAL Returns the nominal annual interest rate, given the
  effective rate and the number of compounding periods per year.		 NOMINAL(effect_rate,npery)
NORMDIST Returns the normal
  distribution for the specified mean and standard deviation. This function has
  a very wide range of applications in statistics, including hypothesis
  testing.		 NORMDIST(x,mean,standard_dev,cumulative)
NORMINV Returns the inverse of the normal cumulative
  distribution for the specified mean and standard deviation.		 NORMINV(probability,mean,standard_dev)
NORMSDIST Returns the standard
  normal cumulative distribution function. The distribution has a mean of 0
  (zero) and a standard deviation of one. Use this function in place of a table
  of standard normal curve areas.		 NORMSDIST(z)
NORMSINV Returns the inverse of the standard normal
  cumulative distribution. The distribution has a mean of zero and a standard
  deviation of one.		 NORMSINV(probability)
NOT Reverses the value of its
  argument. Use NOT when you want to make sure a value is not equal to one
  particular value.		 NOT(logical)
NOW Returns the serial number of the current date and
  time. If the cell format was General before the function was entered, the result is formatted as a
  date.		 NOW( )
NPER Returns the number of
  periods for an investment based on periodic, constant payments and a constant
  interest rate.		 NPER(rate, pmt, pv, fv,
  type)
NPV Calculates the net present value of an investment
  by using a discount rate and a series of future payments (negative values)
  and income (positive values).		 NPV(rate,value1,value2,
  ...)
OCT2BIN Converts an octal number
  to binary.		 OCT2BIN(number,places)
OCT2DEC Converts an octal number to decimal. OCT2DEC(number)
OCT2HEX Converts an octal number
  to hexadecimal.		 OCT2HEX(number,places)
ODD Returns number rounded up to the nearest odd
  integer.		 ODD(number)
ODDFPRICE Returns the price per $100
  face value of a security having an odd (short or long) first period.		 ODDFPRICE(settlement,maturity,issue,first_coupon,rate,yld,redemption,frequency,basis)
ODDFYIELD Returns the yield of a security that has an odd
  (short or long) first period.		 ODDFYIELD(settlement,maturity,issue,first_coupon,rate,pr,redemption,frequency,basis)
ODDLPRICE Returns the price per $100
  face value of a security having an odd (short or long) last coupon period.		 ODDLPRICE(settlement,maturity,last_interest,rate,yld,redemption,frequency,basis)
ODDLYIELD Returns the yield of a security that has an odd
  (short or long) last period.		 ODDLYIELD(settlement,maturity,last_interest,rate,pr,redemption,frequency,basis)
OFFSET Returns a reference to a
  range that is a specified number of rows and columns from a cell or range of
  cells. The reference that is returned can be a single cell or a range of
  cells. You can specify the number of rows and the number of columns to be
  returned.		 OFFSET(reference,rows,cols,height,width)
OR Returns TRUE if any argument is TRUE; returns FALSE
  if all arguments are FALSE.		 OR(logical1,logical2,...)
PEARSON Returns the Pearson
  product moment correlation coefficient, r, a dimensionless index that ranges
  from -1.0 to 1.0 inclusive and reflects the extent of a linear relationship
  between two data sets.		 PEARSON(array1,array2)
PERCENTILE Returns the k-th percentile of values in a range.
  You can use this function to establish a threshold of acceptance. For
  example, you can decide to examine candidates who score above the 90th
  percentile.		 PERCENTILE(array,k)
PERCENTRANK Returns the rank of a
  value in a data set as a percentage of the data set. This function can be
  used to evaluate the relative standing of a value within a data set. For
  example, you can use PERCENTRANK to evaluate the standing of an aptitude test
  score among all scores for the test.		 PERCENTRANK(array,x,significance)
PERMUT Returns the number of permutations for a given
  number of objects that can be selected from number objects. A permutation is
  any set or subset of objects or events where internal order is significant.
  Permutations are different from combinations, for which the internal order is
  not significant. Use this function for lottery-style probability
  calculations.		 PERMUT(number,number_chosen)
PI Returns the number
  3.14159265358979, the mathematical constant pi, accurate to 15 digits.		 PI( )
PMT Calculates the payment for a loan based on constant
  payments and a constant interest rate.		 PMT(rate,nper,pv,fv,type)
POISSON Returns the Poisson
  distribution. A common application of the Poisson distribution is predicting
  the number of events over a specific time, such as the number of cars
  arriving at a toll plaza in 1 minute.		 POISSON(x,mean,cumulative)
POWER Returns the result of a number raised to a power. POWER(number,power)
PPMT Returns the payment on the
  principal for a given period for an investment based on periodic, constant
  payments and a constant interest rate.		 PPMT(rate,per,nper,pv,fv,type)
PRICE Returns the price per $100 face value of a security
  that pays periodic interest.		 PRICE(settlement,maturity,rate,yld,redemption,frequency,basis)
PRICEDISC Returns the price per $100
  face value of a discounted security.		 PRICEDISC(settlement,maturity,discount,redemption,basis)
PRICEMAT Returns the price per $100 face value of a security
  that pays interest at maturity.		 PRICEMAT(settlement,maturity,issue,rate,yld,basis)
PROB Returns the probability
  that values in a range are between two limits. If upper_limit is not
  supplied, returns the probability that values in x_range are equal to
  lower_limit.		 PROB(x_range,prob_range,lower_limit,upper_limit)
PRODUCT Multiplies all the numbers given as arguments and
  returns the product.		 PRODUCT(number1,number2,...)
PROPER Capitalizes the first
  letter in a text string and any other letters in text that follow any
  character other than a letter. Converts all other letters to lowercase
  letters.		 PROPER(text)
PV Returns the present value of an investment. The
  present value is the total amount that a series of future payments is worth
  now. For example, when you borrow money, the loan amount is the present value
  to the lender.		 PV(rate,nper,pmt,fv,type)
QUARTILE Returns the quartile of a
  data set. Quartiles often are used in sales and survey data to divide
  populations into groups. For example, you can use QUARTILE to find the top 25
  percent of incomes in a population.		 QUARTILE(array,quart)
QUOTIENT Returns the integer portion of a division. Use this
  function when you want to discard the remainder of a division.		 QUOTIENT(numerator,denominator)
RADIANS Converts degrees to
  radians		 RADIANS(angle)
RAND Returns an evenly distributed random real number
  greater than or equal to 0 and less than 1. A new random real number is
  returned every time the worksheet is calculated.		 RAND( )
RANDBETWEEN Returns a random integer
  number between the numbers you specify. A new random integer number is
  returned every time the worksheet is calculated.		 RANDBETWEEN(bottom,top)
RANK Returns the rank of a number in a list of numbers.
  The rank of a number is its size relative to other values in a list. (If you
  were to sort the list, the rank of the number would be its position.)		 RANK(number,ref,order)
RATE Returns the interest rate
  per period of an annuity. RATE is calculated by iteration and can have zero
  or more solutions. If the successive results of RATE do not converge to
  within 0.0000001 after 20 iterations, RATE returns the #NUM! error value.		 RATE(nper,pmt,pv,fv,type,guess)
RECEIVED Returns the amount received at maturity for a fully
  invested security.		 RECEIVED(settlement,maturity,investment,discount,basis)
REPLACE REPLACE replaces part of a
  text string, based on the number of characters you specify, with a different
  text string.		 REPLACE(old_text,start_num,num_chars,new_text)
REPLACEB REPLACEB replaces part of a text string, based on
  the number of bytes you specify, with a different text string.		 REPLACEB(old_text,start_num,num_bytes,new_text)
REPT Repeats text a given
  number of times. Use REPT to fill a cell with a number of instances of a text
  string.		 REPT(text,number_times)
RIGHT RIGHT returns the last character or characters in a
  text string, based on the number of characters you specify.		 RIGHT(text,num_chars)
RIGHTB RIGHTB returns the last
  character or characters in a text string, based on the number of bytes you
  specify.		 RIGHTB(text,num_bytes)
ROMAN Converts an arabic numeral to roman, as text. ROMAN(number,form)
ROUND Rounds a number to a
  specified number of digits.		 ROUND(number,num_digits)
ROUNDDOWN Rounds a number down, toward zero. ROUNDDOWN(number,num_digits)
ROUNDUP Rounds a number up, away
  from 0 (zero).		 ROUNDUP(number,num_digits)
ROW Returns the row number of a reference. ROW(reference)
ROWS Returns the number of rows
  in a reference or array (array: Used to build single formulas that
  produce multiple results or that operate on a group of arguments that are
  arranged in rows and columns. An array range shares a common formula; an
  array constant is a group of constants used as an argument.).		 ROWS(array)
RSQ Returns the square of the Pearson product moment
  correlation coefficient through data points in known_y's and known_x's. For
  more information, see PEARSON. The r-squared value can be interpreted as the
  proportion of the variance in y attributable to the variance in x.		 RSQ(known_y's,known_x's)
RTD Retrieves real-time data
  from a program that supports COM automation (COM add-in: A supplemental
  program that extends the capabilities of a Microsoft Office program by adding
  custom commands and specialized features. COM add-ins can run in one or more
  Office programs. COM add-ins use the file name extension .dll or .exe.).		 =RTD(ProgID,server,topic1,[topic2],...)
SEARCH locate one text string within a second text string,
  and return the number of the starting position of the first text string from
  the first character of the second text string.

    SEARCH always counts each character, whether single-byte or double-byte, as
  1, no matter what the default language setting is.

   		 SEARCH(find_text,within_text,start_num)
SEARCHB locate one text string
  within a second text string, and return the number of the starting position
  of the first text string from the first character of the second text string.
 

    SEARCHB counts each double-byte character as 2 when you have enabled the
  editing of a language that supports DBCS and then set it as the default
  language. Otherwise, SEARCHB counts each character as 1.

   		 SEARCHB(find_text,within_text,start_num)
SECOND Returns the seconds of a time value. The second is
  given as an integer in the range 0 (zero) to 59.		 SECOND(serial_number)
SERIESSUM Returns the sum of a power
  series expansion		 SERIESSUM(x,n,m,coefficients)
SIGN Determines the sign of a number. Returns 1 if the
  number is positive, zero (0) if the number is 0, and -1 if the number is
  negative.		 SIGN(number)
SIN Returns the sine of the
  given angle.		 SIN(number)
SINH Returns the hyperbolic sine of a number. SINH(number)
SKEW Returns the skewness of a
  distribution. Skewness characterizes the degree of asymmetry of a
  distribution around its mean. Positive skewness indicates a distribution with
  an asymmetric tail extending toward more positive values. Negative skewness
  indicates a distribution with an asymmetric tail extending toward more
  negative values.		 SKEW(number1,number2,...)
SLN Returns the straight-line depreciation of an asset
  for one period.		 SLN(cost,salvage,life)
SLOPE Returns the slope of the
  linear regression line through data points in known_y's and known_x's. The
  slope is the vertical distance divided by the horizontal distance between any
  two points on the line, which is the rate of change along the regression line.		 SLOPE(known_y's,known_x's)
SMALL Returns the k-th smallest value in a data set. Use
  this function to return values with a particular relative standing in a data
  set.		 SMALL(array,k)
SQRT Returns a positive square
  root.		 SQRT(number)
STANDARDIZE Returns a normalized value from a distribution
  characterized by mean and standard_dev.		 STANDARDIZE(x,mean,standard_dev)
STDEV Estimates standard
  deviation based on a sample. The standard deviation is a measure of how
  widely values are dispersed from the average value (the mean).		 STDEV(number1,number2,...)
STDEVA Estimates standard deviation based on a sample. The
  standard deviation is a measure of how widely values are dispersed from the
  average value (the mean).		 STDEVA(value1,value2,...)
STDEVP Calculates standard
  deviation based on the entire population given as arguments. The standard
  deviation is a measure of how widely values are dispersed from the average
  value (the mean).		 STDEVP(number1,number2,...)
STDEVPA Calculates standard deviation based on the entire
  population given as arguments, including text and logical values. The
  standard deviation is a measure of how widely values are dispersed from the
  average value (the mean).		 STDEVPA(value1,value2,...)
STEYX Returns the standard error
  of the predicted y-value for each x in the regression. The standard error is
  a measure of the amount of error in the prediction of y for an individual x.		 STEYX(known_y's,known_x's)
SUBSTITUTE Substitutes new_text for old_text in a text string.
  Use SUBSTITUTE when you want to replace specific text in a text string; use
  REPLACE when you want to replace any text that occurs in a specific location
  in a text string.		 SUBSTITUTE(text,old_text,new_text,instance_num)
SUBTOTAL Returns a subtotal in a
  list or database. It is generally easier to create a list with subtotals by
  using the Subtotal command in
  the Outline group on
  the Data tab. Once the
  subtotal list is created, you can modify it by editing the SUBTOTAL function.		 SUBTOTAL(function_num, ref1, ref2, ...)
SUM Adds all the numbers in a range of cells. SUM(number1,number2, ...)
SUMIF Adds the cells specified
  by a given criteria.		 SUMIF(range,criteria,sum_range)
SUMIFS Adds the cells in a range that meet multiple
  criteria.		 SUMIFS(sum_range,criteria_range1,criteria1,criteria_range2,criteria2…)
SUMPRODUCT Multiplies corresponding
  components in the given arrays, and returns the sum of those products.		 SUMPRODUCT(array1,array2,array3,
  ...)
SUMSQ Returns the sum of the squares of the arguments. SUMSQ(number1,number2, ...)
SUMX2MY2 Returns the sum of the
  difference of squares of corresponding values in two arrays.		 SUMX2MY2(array_x,array_y)
SUMX2PY2 Returns the sum of the sum of squares of
  corresponding values in two arrays. The sum of the sum of squares is a common
  term in many statistical calculations.		 SUMX2PY2(array_x,array_y)
SYMXMY2 Returns the sum of squares
  of differences of corresponding values in two arrays.		 SUMXMY2(array_x,array_y)
SYD Returns the sum-of-years' digits depreciation of an
  asset for a specified period.		 SYD(cost,salvage,life,per)
T Returns the text referred
  to by value.		 T(value)
TAN Returns the tangent of the given angle. TAN(number)
TANH Returns the hyperbolic
  tangent of a number.		 TANH(number)
TBILLEQ Returns the bond-equivalent yield for a Treasury
  bill.		 TBILLEQ(settlement,maturity,discount)
TBILLPRICE Returns the price per $100
  face value for a Treasury bill.		 TBILLPRICE(settlement,maturity,discount)
TBILLYIELD Returns the yield for a Treasury bill. TBILLYIELD(settlement,maturity,pr)
TDIST Returns the Percentage
  Points (probability) for the Student t-distribution where a numeric value (x)
  is a calculated value of t for which the Percentage Points are to be
  computed. The t-distribution is used in the hypothesis testing of small
  sample data sets. Use this function in place of a table of critical values
  for the t-distribution.		 TDIST(x,degrees_freedom,tails)
TEXT Converts a value to text in a specific number
  format.		 TEXT(value,format_text)
TIME Returns the decimal number
  for a particular time. If the cell format was General before the function was entered, the result is formatted as a
  date.

   

    The decimal number returned by TIME is a value ranging from 0 (zero) to
  0.99999999, representing the times from 0:00:00 (12:00:00 AM) to 23:59:59
  (11:59:59 P.M.).		 TIME(hour,minute,second)
TIMEVALUE Returns the decimal number of the time represented
  by a text string. The decimal number is a value ranging from 0 (zero) to
  0.99999999, representing the times from 0:00:00 (12:00:00 AM) to 23:59:59
  (11:59:59 P.M.).		 TIMEVALUE(time_text)
TINV Returns the t-value of the
  Student's t-distribution as a function of the probability and the degrees of
  freedom.		 TINV(probability,degrees_freedom)
TODAY Returns the serial number of the current date. The
  serial number is the date-time code used by Microsoft Excel for date and time
  calculations. If the cell format was General before the function was entered, the result is formatted as a
  date.		 TODAY( )
TRANSPOSE Returns a vertical range
  of cells as a horizontal range, or vice versa. TRANSPOSE must be entered as
  an array formula (array formula: A formula that
  performs multiple calculations on one or more sets of values, and then
  returns either a single result or multiple results. Array formulas are
  enclosed between braces { } and are entered by pressing CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER.) in a range that has the same number of rows and columns,
  respectively, as an array (array: Used to
  build single formulas that produce multiple results or that operate on a
  group of arguments that are arranged in rows and columns. An array range
  shares a common formula; an array constant is a group of constants used as an
  argument.) has columns and rows. Use TRANSPOSE to
  shift the vertical and horizontal orientation of an array on a worksheet.		 TRANSPOSE(array)
TREND Returns values along a linear trend. Fits a
  straight line (using the method of least squares) to the arrays known_y's and
  known_x's. Returns the y-values along that line for the array of new_x's that
  you specify.		 TREND(known_y's,known_x's,new_x's,const)
TRIM Removes all spaces from
  text except for single spaces between words. Use TRIM on text that you have
  received from another application that may have irregular spacing.		 TRIM(text)
TRIMMEAN Returns the mean of the interior of a data set.
  TRIMMEAN calculates the mean taken by excluding a percentage of data points
  from the top and bottom tails of a data set. You can use this function when
  you wish to exclude outlying data from your analysis.		 TRIMMEAN(array,percent)
TRUE Returns the logical value
  TRUE.		 TRUE(
  )
TRUNC Truncates a number to an integer by removing the
  fractional part of the number.		 TRUNC(number,num_digits)
TTEST Returns the probability
  associated with a Student's t-Test. Use TTEST to determine whether two
  samples are likely to have come from the same two underlying populations that
  have the same mean.		 TTEST(array1,array2,tails,type)
TYPE Returns the type of value. Use TYPE when the
  behavior of another function depends on the type of value in a particular
  cell.		 TYPE(value)
UPPER Converts text to
  uppercase.		 UPPER(text)
VALUE Converts a text string that represents a number to
  a number.		 VALUE(text)
VAR Estimates variance based
  on a sample.		 VAR(number1,number2,...)
VARA Estimates variance based on a sample. VARA(value1,value2,...)
VARP Calculates variance based
  on the entire population.		 VARP(number1,number2,...)
VARPA Calculates variance based on the entire population. VARPA(value1,value2,...)
VDB Returns the depreciation
  of an asset for any period you specify, including partial periods, using the
  double-declining balance method or some other method you specify. VDB stands
  for variable declining balance.		 VDB(cost,salvage,life,start_period,end_period,factor,no_switch)
VLOOKUP Searches for a value in the first column of a table
  array and returns a value in the same row from another column in the table
  array.		 VLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,col_index_num,range_lookup)
WEEKDAY Returns the day of the
  week corresponding to a date. The day is given as an integer, ranging from 1
  (Sunday) to 7 (Saturday), by default.		 WEEKDAY(serial_number,return_type)
WEEKNUM Returns a number that indicates where the week
  falls numerically within a year.		 WEEKNUM(serial_num,return_type)
WEIBULL Returns the Weibull
  distribution. Use this distribution in reliability analysis, such as
  calculating a device's mean time to failure.		 WEIBULL(x,alpha,beta,cumulative)
WORKDAY Returns a number that represents a date that is the
  indicated number of working days before or after a date (the starting date).
  Working days exclude weekends and any dates identified as holidays. Use
  WORKDAY to exclude weekends or holidays when you calculate invoice due dates,
  expected delivery times, or the number of days of work performed.		 WORKDAY(start_date,days,holidays)
XIRR Returns the internal rate
  of return for a schedule of cash flows that is not necessarily periodic. To
  calculate the internal rate of return for a series of periodic cash flows,
  use the IRR function.		 XIRR(values,dates,guess)
XNPV Returns the net present value for a schedule of
  cash flows that is not necessarily periodic. To calculate the net present
  value for a series of cash flows that is periodic, use the NPV function.		 XNPV(rate,values,dates)
YEAR Returns the year
  corresponding to a date. The year is returned as an integer in the range
  1900-9999.		 YEAR(serial_number)
YEARFRAC Calculates the fraction of the year represented by
  the number of whole days between two dates (the start_date and the end_date).
  Use the YEARFRAC worksheet function to identify the proportion of a whole
  year's b





 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 



 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 

 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


Funciton Description Syntex
ABS Returns the absolute value of a number. The
  absolute value of a number is the number without its sign.		 ABS(number)
ACCRINT Returns the accrued
  interest for a security that pays periodic interest.		 ACCRINT(issue,first_interest,settlement,rate,par,frequency,basis,calc_method)
ACCRINTM Returns the accrued interest for a security that
  pays interest at maturity.		 ACCRINTM(issue,settlement,rate,par,basis)
ACOS Returns the arccosine, or
  inverse cosine, of a number. The arccosine is the angle whose cosine is number. The returned angle is given
  in radians in the range 0 (zero) to pi.		 ACOS(number)
ACOSH Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a number.
  Number must be greater than or equal to 1. The inverse hyperbolic cosine is
  the value whose hyperbolic cosine is number, so ACOSH(COSH(number)) equals number.		 ACOSH(number)
ADDRESS Creates a cell address as
  text, given specified row and column numbers.		 ADDRESS(row_num,column_num,abs_num,a1,sheet_text)
AMORDEGRC Returns the depreciation for each accounting
  period. This function is provided for the French accounting system. If an
  asset is purchased in the middle of the accounting period, the prorated
  depreciation is taken into account. The function is similar to AMORLINC,
  except that a depreciation coefficient is applied in the calculation
  depending on the life of the assets.		 AMORDEGRC(cost,date_purchased,first_period,salvage,period,rate,basis)
AMORLINC Returns the depreciation
  for each accounting period. This function is provided for the French
  accounting system. If an asset is purchased in the middle of the accounting
  period, the prorated depreciation is taken into account.		 AMORLINC(cost,date_purchased,first_period,salvage,period,rate,basis)
AND Returns TRUE if all its arguments are TRUE; returns
  FALSE if one or more argument is FALSE.		 AND(logical1,logical2, ...)
AREAS Returns the number of
  areas in a reference. An area is a range of contiguous cells or a single
  cell.		 AREAS(reference)
ASIN Returns the arcsine, or inverse sine, of a number.
  The arcsine is the angle whose sine is number. The returned angle is given in radians in the range -pi/2 to
  pi/2.		 ASIN(number)
ASINH Returns the inverse
  hyperbolic sine of a number. The inverse hyperbolic sine is the value whose
  hyperbolic sine is number, so
  ASINH(SINH(number)) equals number.		 ASINH(number)
ATAN Returns the arctangent, or inverse tangent, of a
  number. The arctangent is the angle whose tangent is number. The returned angle is given in radians in the range -pi/2 to
  pi/2.		 ATAN (number)
ATAN2 Returns the arctangent, or
  inverse tangent, of the specified x- and y-coordinates. The arctangent is the
  angle from the x-axis to a line containing the origin (0, 0) and a point with
  coordinates (x_num, y_num). The angle is given in radians between -pi and pi,
  excluding -pi.		 ATAN2(x_num,y_num)
ATANH Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number.
  Number must be between -1 and 1 (excluding -1 and 1). The inverse hyperbolic
  tangent is the value whose hyperbolic tangent is number, so ATANH(TANH(number)) equals number.		 ATANH(number)
AVEDEV Returns the average of the
  absolute deviations of data points from their mean. AVEDEV is a measure of
  the variability in a data set.		 AVEDEV(number1,number2,...)
AVERAGE Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of the
  arguments.		 AVERAGE(number1,number2,...)
AVERAGEA Calculates the average
  (arithmetic mean) of the values in the list of arguments.		 AVERAGEA(value1,value2,...)
AVERAGEIF Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of all the
  cells in a range that meet a given criteria.		 AVERAGEIF(range,criteria,average_range)
AVERAGEIFS Returns the average
  (arithmetic mean) of all cells that meet multiple criteria.		 AVERAGEIFS(average_range,criteria_range1,criteria1,criteria_range2,criteria2…)
BAHTTEXT Converts a number to Thai text and adds a suffix of
  "Baht."		 BAHTTEXT(number)
BESSELI Returns the modified
  Bessel function, which is equivalent to the Bessel function evaluated for
  purely imaginary arguments.		 BESSELI(x,n)
BESSELJ Returns the Bessel function. BESSELJ(x,n)
BESSELK Returns the modified
  Bessel function, which is equivalent to the Bessel functions evaluated for
  purely imaginary arguments.		 BESSELK(x,n)
BESSELY Returns the Bessel function, which is also called
  the Weber function or the Neumann function.		 BESSELY(x,n)
BETADIST Returns the cumulative
  beta probability density function. The beta distribution is commonly used to
  study variation in the percentage of something across samples, such as the
  fraction of the day people spend watching television.		 BETADIST(x,alpha,beta,A,B)
BETAINV Returns the inverse of the cumulative beta
  probability density function for a specified beta distribution. That is, if
  probability = BETADIST(x,...), then BETAINV(probability,...) = x. The beta
  distribution can be used in project planning to model probable completion
  times given an expected completion time and variability.		 BETAINV(probability,alpha,beta,A,B)
BIN2DEC Converts a binary number
  to decimal.		 BIN2DEC(number)
BIN2HEX Converts a binary number to hexadecimal. BIN2HEX(number,places)
BIN2OCT Converts a binary number
  to octal.		 BIN2OCT(number,places)
BINOMDIST Returns the individual term binomial distribution
  probability. Use BINOMDIST in problems with a fixed number of tests or
  trials, when the outcomes of any trial are only success or failure, when
  trials are independent, and when the probability of success is constant
  throughout the experiment. For example, BINOMDIST can calculate the
  probability that two of the next three babies born are male.		 BINOMDIST(number_s,trials,probability_s,cumulative)
CEILING Returns number rounded up,
  away from zero, to the nearest multiple of significance. For example, if you
  want to avoid using pennies in your prices and your product is priced at
  $4.42, use the formula =CEILING(4.42,0.05) to round prices up to the nearest nickel.		 CEILING(number,significance)
CELL Returns information about the formatting, location,
  or contents of the upper-left cell in a reference.		 CELL(info_type,reference)
CHAR Returns the character
  specified by a number. Use CHAR to translate code page numbers you might get
  from files on other types of computers into characters.		 CHAR(number)
CHIDIST Returns the one-tailed probability of the
  chi-squared distribution. The χ2 distribution is associated with a χ2 test. Use the χ2 test to compare observed and expected values. For example, a
  genetic experiment might hypothesize that the next generation of plants will
  exhibit a certain set of colors. By comparing the observed results with the
  expected ones, you can decide whether your original hypothesis is valid.		 CHIDIST(x,degrees_freedom)
CHIINV Returns the inverse of the
  one-tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution. If probability =
  CHIDIST(x,...), then CHIINV(probability,...) = x. Use this function to
  compare observed results with expected ones in order to decide whether your
  original hypothesis is valid.		 CHIINV(probability,degrees_freedom)
CHITEST Returns the test for independence. CHITEST returns
  the value from the chi-squared (χ2) distribution for the statistic and the appropriate degrees of
  freedom. You can use χ2 tests to determine whether hypothesized results are verified
  by an experiment.		 CHITEST(actual_range,expected_range)
CHOOSE Uses index_num to return a
  value from the list of value arguments. Use CHOOSE to select one of up to 254
  values based on the index number. For example, if value1 through value7 are
  the days of the week, CHOOSE returns one of the days when a number between 1
  and 7 is used as index_num.		 CHOOSE(index_num,value1,value2,...)
CLEAN Removes all nonprintable characters from text. Use
  CLEAN on text imported from other applications that contains characters that
  may not print with your operating system. For example, you can use CLEAN to
  remove some low-level computer code that is frequently at the beginning and
  end of data files and cannot be printed.		 CLEAN(text)
CODE Returns a numeric code for
  the first character in a text string. The returned code corresponds to the
  character set used by your computer.		 CODE(text)
COLUMN Returns the column number of the given reference. COLUMN(reference)
COLUMNS Returns the number of
  columns in an array (array: Used to build single formulas that produce
  multiple results or that operate on a group of arguments that are arranged in
  rows and columns. An array range shares a common formula; an array constant
  is a group of constants used as an argument.) or reference.		 COLUMNS(array)
COMBIN Returns the number of combinations for a given
  number of items. Use COMBIN to determine the total possible number of groups
  for a given number of items.		 COMBIN(number,number_chosen)
COMPLEX Converts real and
  imaginary coefficients into a complex number of the form x + yi or x + yj.		 COMPLEX(real_num,i_num,suffix)
CONCATENATE Joins two or more text strings into one text
  string.		 CONCATENATE (text1,text2,...)
CONFIDENCE Returns a value that you
  can use to construct a confidence interval for a population mean. The
  confidence interval is a range of values. Your sample mean, x, is at the
  center of this range and the range is x ± CONFIDENCE. For example, if x is
  the sample mean of delivery times for products ordered through the mail, x ±
  CONFIDENCE is a range of population means. For any population mean, μ0, in this range, the
  probability of obtaining a sample mean further from μ0 than x is greater than
  alpha; for any population mean, μ0, not in this range, the probability of obtaining a sample mean
  further from μ0 than x is less than alpha. In other words, assume that we use
  x, standard_dev, and size to construct a two-tailed test at significance
  level alpha of the hypothesis that the population mean is μ0. Then we will not
  reject that hypothesis if μ0 is in the confidence interval and will reject that hypothesis
  if μ0 is
  not in the confidence interval. The confidence interval does not allow us to
  infer that there is probability 1 – alpha that our next package will take a
  delivery time that is in the confidence interval.		 CONFIDENCE(alpha,standard_dev,size)
CONVERT Converts a number from one measurement system to
  another. For example, CONVERT can translate a table of distances in miles to
  a table of distances in kilometers.		 CONVERT(number,from_unit,to_unit)
CORREL Returns the correlation
  coefficient of the array1 and array2 cell ranges. Use the correlation
  coefficient to determine the relationship between two properties. For
  example, you can examine the relationship between a location's average
  temperature and the use of air conditioners.		 CORREL(array1,array2)
COS Returns the cosine of the given angle. COS(number)
COSH Returns the hyperbolic
  cosine of a number.		 COSH(number)
COUNT Counts the number of cells that contain numbers and
  counts numbers within the list of arguments. Use COUNT to get the number of
  entries in a number field that is in a range or array of numbers.		 COUNT(value1,value2,...)
COUNTA Counts the number of cells
  that are not empty and the values within the list of arguments. Use COUNTA to
  count the number of cells that contain data in a range or array.		 COUNTA(value1,value2,...)
COUNTBLANK Counts empty cells in a specified range of cells. COUNTBLANK(range)
COUNTIF Counts the number of cells
  within a range that meet the given criteria.		 COUNTIF(range,criteria)
COUNTIFS Counts the number of cells within a range that meet
  multiple criteria.		 COUNTIFS(range1, criteria1,range2, criteria2…)
COUPDAYBS Returns the number of days
  from the beginning of the coupon period to the settlement date.		 COUPDAYBS(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)
COUPDAYS Returns the number of days in the coupon period
  that contains the settlement date.		 COUPDAYS(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)
COUPDAYSNC Returns the number of days
  from the settlement date to the next coupon date.		 COUPDAYSNC(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)
COUPNCD Returns a number that represents the next coupon
  date after the settlement date.		 COUPNCD(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)
COUPNUM Returns the number of
  coupons payable between the settlement date and maturity date, rounded up to
  the nearest whole coupon.		 COUPNUM(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)
COUPPCD Returns a number that represents the previous
  coupon date before the settlement date.		 COUPPCD(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)
COVAR Returns covariance, the
  average of the products of deviations for each data point pair. Use
  covariance to determine the relationship between two data sets. For example,
  you can examine whether greater income accompanies greater levels of
  education.		 COVAR(array1,array2)
CRITBINOM Returns the smallest value for which the cumulative
  binomial distribution is greater than or equal to a criterion value. Use this
  function for quality assurance applications. For example, use CRITBINOM to
  determine the greatest number of defective parts that are allowed to come off
  an assembly line run without rejecting the entire lot.		 CRITBINOM(trials,probability_s,alpha)
CUBEKPIMEMBER Returns a key performance
  indicator (KPI) property and displays the KPI name in the cell. A KPI is a
  quantifiable measurement, such as monthly gross profit or quarterly employee
  turnover, that is used to monitor an organization's performance.		 CUBEKPIMEMBER(connection,kpi_name,kpi_property,caption)
CUBEMEMBER Returns a member or tuple from the cube. Use to
  validate that the member or tuple exists in the cube.		 CUBEMEMBER(connection,member_expression,caption)
CUBEMEMBERPROPERTY Returns the value of a
  member property from the cube. Use to validate that a member name exists
  within the cube and to return the specified property for this member.		 CUBEMEMBERPROPERTY(connection,member_expression,property)
CUBERANKEDMEMBER Returns the nth, or ranked, member in a set. Use to
  return one or more elements in a set, such as the top sales performer or the
  top 10 students.		 CUBERANKEDMEMBER(connection,set_expression,rank,caption)
CUBESET Defines a calculated set
  of members or tuples by sending a set expression to the cube on the server,
  which creates the set, and then returns that set to Microsoft Office Excel.		 CUBESET(connection,set_expression,caption,sort_order,sort_by)
CUBESETCOUNT Returns the number of items in a set. CUBESETCOUNT(set)
CUBEVALUE Returns an aggregated
  value from the cube.		 CUBEVALUE(connection,member_expression1,member_expression2…)
CUMIPMT Returns the cumulative interest paid on a loan
  between start_period and end_period.		 CUMIPMT(rate,nper,pv,start_period,end_period,type)
CUMPRINC Returns the cumulative
  principal paid on a loan between start_period and end_period.		 CUMPRINC(rate,nper,pv,start_period,end_period,type)
DATE Returns the sequential serial number that
  represents a particular date. If the cell format was General before the function was entered, the result is formatted as a
  date.		 DATE(year,month,day)
DATEVALUE Returns the serial number
  of the date represented by date_text. Use DATEVALUE to convert a date
  represented by text to a serial number.		 DATEVALUE(date_text)
DAVERAGE Averages the values in a field (column) of records
  in a list or database that match conditions you specify.		 DAVERAGE(database,field,criteria)
DAY Returns the day of a date,
  represented by a serial number. The day is given as an integer ranging from 1
  to 31.		 DAY(serial_number)
DAYS360 Returns the number of days between two dates based
  on a 360-day year (twelve 30-day months), which is used in some accounting
  calculations. Use this function to help compute payments if your accounting
  system is based on twelve 30-day months.		 DAYS360(start_date,end_date,method)
DB Returns the depreciation
  of an asset for a specified period using the fixed-declining balance method.		 DB(cost,salvage,life,period,month)
DCOUNT Counts the cells that contain numbers in a field
  (column) of records in a list or database that match conditions that you
  specify.		 DCOUNT(database,field,criteria)
DCOUNTA Counts the nonblank cells
  in a field (column) of records in a list or database that match conditions
  that you specify.		 DCOUNTA(database,field,criteria)
DDB Returns the depreciation of an asset for a
  specified period using the double-declining balance method or some other
  method you specify.		 DDB(cost,salvage,life,period,factor)
DEC2BIN Converts a decimal number
  to binary.		 DEC2BIN(number,places)
DEC2HEX Converts a decimal number to hexadecimal. DEC2HEX(number,places)
DEC2OCT Converts a decimal number
  to octal.		 DEC2OCT(number, places)
DEGREES Converts radians into degrees. DEGREES(angle)
DELTA Tests whether two values
  are equal. Returns 1 if number1 = number2; returns 0 otherwise. Use this
  function to filter a set of values. For example, by summing several DELTA
  functions you calculate the count of equal pairs. This function is also known
  as the Kronecker Delta function.		 DELTA(number1,number2)
DEVSQ Returns the sum of squares of deviations of data
  points from their sample mean.		 DEVSQ(number1,number2,...)
DGET Extracts a single value
  from a column of a list or database that matches conditions that you specify.		 DGET(database,field,criteria)
DISC Returns the discount rate for a security. DISC(settlement,maturity,pr,redemption,basis)
DMAX Returns the largest number
  in a field (column) of records in a list or database that matches conditions
  you that specify.		 DMAX(database,field,criteria)
DMIN Returns the smallest number in a field (column) of
  records in a list or database that matches conditions that you specify.		 DMIN(database,field,criteria)
DOLLAR The function described in
  this Help topic converts a number to text format and applies a currency
  symbol. The name of the function (and the symbol that it applies) depends
  upon your language settings.		 DOLLAR(number,decimals)
DOLLARDE Converts a dollar price expressed as a fraction
  into a dollar price expressed as a decimal number. Use DOLLARDE to convert
  fractional dollar numbers, such as securities prices, to decimal numbers.		 DOLLARDE(fractional_dollar,fraction)
DOLLARFR Converts a dollar price
  expressed as a decimal number into a dollar price expressed as a fraction.
  Use DOLLARFR to convert decimal numbers to fractional dollar numbers, such as
  securities prices.		 DOLLARFR(decimal_dollar,fraction)
DPRODUCT Multiplies the values in a field (column) of
  records in a list or database that match conditions that you specify.		 DPRODUCT(database,field,criteria)
DSTDEV Estimates the standard
  deviation of a population based on a sample by using the numbers in a field
  (column) of records in a list or database that match conditions that you
  specify.		 DSTDEV(database,field,criteria)
DSTDEVP Calculates the standard deviation of a population
  based on the entire population by using the numbers in a field (column) of
  records in a list or database that match conditions that you specify.		 DSTDEVP(database,field,criteria)
DSUM Adds the numbers in a
  field (column) of records in a list or database that match conditions that
  you specify.		 DSUM(database,field,criteria)
DURATION Returns the Macauley duration for an assumed par
  value of $100. Duration is defined as the weighted average of the present
  value of the cash flows and is used as a measure of a bond price's response
  to changes in yield.		 DURATION(settlement,maturity,coupon,yld,frequency,basis)
DVAR Estimates the variance of
  a population based on a sample by using the numbers in a field (column) of
  records in a list or database that match conditions that you specify.		 DVAR(database,field,criteria)
DVARP Calculates the variance of a population based on
  the entire population by using the numbers in a field (column) of records in
  a list or database that match conditions that you specify.		 DVARP(database,field,criteria)
EDATE Returns the serial number
  that represents the date that is the indicated number of months before or
  after a specified date (the start_date). Use EDATE to calculate maturity
  dates or due dates that fall on the same day of the month as the date of
  issue.		 EDATE(start_date,months)
EFFECT Returns the effective annual interest rate, given
  the nominal annual interest rate and the number of compounding periods per
  year.		 EFFECT(nominal_rate,npery)
EOMONTH Returns the serial number
  for the last day of the month that is the indicated number of months before
  or after start_date. Use EOMONTH to calculate maturity dates or due dates
  that fall on the last day of the month.		 EOMONTH(start_date,months)
ERF Returns the error function integrated between
  lower_limit and upper_limit.		 ERF(lower_limit,upper_limit)
ERFC Returns the complementary
  ERF function integrated between x and infinity.		 ERFC(x)
ERROR.TYPE Returns a number corresponding to one of the error
  values in Microsoft Excel or returns the #N/A error if no error exists. You
  can use ERROR.TYPE in an IF function to test for an error value and return a
  text string, such as a message, instead of the error value.		 ERROR.TYPE(error_val)
EVEN Returns number rounded up
  to the nearest even integer. You can use this function for processing items
  that come in twos. For example, a packing crate accepts rows of one or two
  items. The crate is full when the number of items, rounded up to the nearest two,
  matches the crate's capacity.		 EVEN(number)
EXACT Compares two text strings and returns TRUE if they
  are exactly the same, FALSE otherwise. EXACT is case-sensitive but ignores
  formatting differences. Use EXACT to test text being entered into a document.		 EXACT(text1,text2)
EXP Returns e raised to the
  power of number. The constant e equals 2.71828182845904, the base of the
  natural logarithm.		 EXP(number)
EXPONDIST Returns the exponential distribution. Use EXPONDIST
  to model the time between events, such as how long an automated bank teller
  takes to deliver cash. For example, you can use EXPONDIST to determine the
  probability that the process takes at most 1 minute.		 EXPONDIST(x,lambda,cumulative)
FACT Returns the factorial of a
  number. The factorial of a number is equal to 1*2*3*...* number.		 FACT(number)
FACTDOUBLE Returns the double factorial of a number. FACTDOUBLE(number)
FALSE Returns the logical value
  FALSE.		 FALSE(
  )
FDIST Returns the F probability distribution. You can use
  this function to determine whether two data sets have different degrees of
  diversity. For example, you can examine the test scores of men and women
  entering high school and determine if the variability in the females is
  different from that found in the males.		 FDIST(x,degrees_freedom1,degrees_freedom2)
FIND FIND and FINDB locate one
  text string within a second text string, and return the number of the
  starting position of the first text string from the first character of the
  second text string.		 FIND(find_text,within_text,start_num)
FINV Returns the inverse of the F probability
  distribution. If p = FDIST(x,...), then FINV(p,...) = x.		 FINV(probability,degrees_freedom1,degrees_freedom2)
FISHER Returns the Fisher
  transformation at x. This transformation produces a function that is normally
  distributed rather than skewed. Use this function to perform hypothesis
  testing on the correlation coefficient.		 FISHER(x)
FISHERINV Returns the inverse of the Fisher transformation.
  Use this transformation when analyzing correlations between ranges or arrays
  of data. If y = FISHER(x), then FISHERINV(y) = x.		 FISHERINV(y)
FIXED Rounds a number to the
  specified number of decimals, formats the number in decimal format using a
  period and commas, and returns the result as text.		 FIXED(number,decimals,no_commas)
FLOOR Rounds number down, toward zero, to the nearest
  multiple of significance.		 FLOOR(number,significance)
FORECAST Calculates, or predicts, a
  future value by using existing values. The predicted value is a y-value for a
  given x-value. The known values are existing x-values and y-values, and the
  new value is predicted by using linear regression. You can use this function
  to predict future sales, inventory requirements, or consumer trends.		 FORECAST(x,known_y's,known_x's)
FREQUENCY Calculates how often values occur within a range of
  values, and then returns a vertical array of numbers. For example, use
  FREQUENCY to count the number of test scores that fall within ranges of
  scores. Because FREQUENCY returns an array, it must be entered as an array
  formula.		 FREQUENCY(data_array,bins_array)
FTEST Returns the result of an
  F-test. An F-test returns the two-tailed probability that the variances in
  array1 and array2 are not significantly different. Use this function to
  determine whether two samples have different variances. For example, given
  test scores from public and private schools, you can test whether these
  schools have different levels of test score diversity.		 FTEST(array1,array2)
FV Returns the future value of an investment based on
  periodic, constant payments and a constant interest rate.		 FV(rate,nper,pmt,pv,type)
FVSCHEDULE Returns the future value
  of an initial principal after applying a series of compound interest rates.
  Use FVSCHEDULE to calculate the future value of an investment with a variable
  or adjustable rate.		 FVSCHEDULE(principal,schedule)
GAMMADIST Returns the gamma distribution. You can use this
  function to study variables that may have a skewed distribution. The gamma
  distribution is commonly used in queuing analysis.		 GAMMADIST(x,alpha,beta,cumulative)
GAMMAINV Returns the inverse of the
  gamma cumulative distribution. If p = GAMMADIST(x,...), then GAMMAINV(p,...)
  = x.		 GAMMAINV(probability,alpha,beta)
GAMMALN Returns the natural logarithm of the gamma
  function, Γ(x).		 GAMMALN(x)
GCD Returns the greatest
  common divisor of two or more integers. The greatest common divisor is the
  largest integer that divides both number1 and number2 without a remainder.		 GCD(number1,number2, ...)
GEOMEAN Returns the geometric mean of an array or range of
  positive data. For example, you can use GEOMEAN to calculate average growth
  rate given compound interest with variable rates.		 GEOMEAN(number1,number2,...)
GESTEP Returns 1 if number ≥
  step; returns 0 (zero) otherwise. Use this function to filter a set of
  values. For example, by summing several GESTEP functions you calculate the
  count of values that exceed a threshold.		 GESTEP(number,step)
GETPIVOTDATA Returns data stored in a PivotTable report. You can
  use GETPIVOTDATA to retrieve summary data from a PivotTable report, provided
  the summary data is visible in the report.		 GETPIVOTDATA(data_field,pivot_table,field1,item1,field2,item2,...)
GROWTH Calculates predicted
  exponential growth by using existing data. GROWTH returns the y-values for a
  series of new x-values that you specify by using existing x-values and
  y-values. You can also use the GROWTH worksheet function to fit an
  exponential curve to existing x-values and y-values.		 GROWTH(known_y's,known_x's,new_x's,const)
HARMEAN Returns the harmonic mean of a data set. The
  harmonic mean is the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of reciprocals.		 HARMEAN(number1,number2,...)
HEX2BIN Converts a hexadecimal
  number to binary.		 HEX2BIN(number,places)
HEX2DEC Converts a hexadecimal number to decimal. HEX2DEC(number)
HEX2OCT Converts a hexadecimal
  number to octal.		 HEX2OCT(number,places)
HLOOKUP Searches for a value in the top row of a table or
  an array (array: Used to build single formulas that produce multiple results
  or that operate on a group of arguments that are arranged in rows and
  columns. An array range shares a common formula; an array constant is a group
  of constants used as an argument.) of values, and then returns a value in the
  same column from a row you specify in the table or array. Use HLOOKUP when
  your comparison values are located in a row across the top of a table of
  data, and you want to look down a specified number of rows. Use VLOOKUP when
  your comparison values are located in a column to the left of the data you
  want to find		 HLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,row_index_num,range_lookup)
HOUR Returns the hour of a time
  value. The hour is given as an integer, ranging from 0 (12:00 A.M.) to 23
  (11:00 P.M.).		 HOUR(serial_number)
HYPERLINK Creates a shortcut or jump that opens a document
  stored on a network server, an intranet (intranet: A network within an
  organization that uses Internet technologies (such as the HTTP or FTP
  protocol). By using hyperlinks, you can explore objects, documents, pages,
  and other destinations on the intranet.), or the Internet. When you click the
  cell that contains the HYPERLINK function, Microsoft Excel opens the file
  stored at link_location		 HYPERLINK(link_location,friendly_name)
HYPGEOMDIST Returns the hypergeometric
  distribution. HYPGEOMDIST returns the probability of a given number of sample
  successes, given the sample size, population successes, and population size.
  Use HYPGEOMDIST for problems with a finite population, where each observation
  is either a success or a failure, and where each subset of a given size is
  chosen with equal likelihood.		 HYPGEOMDIST(sample_s,number_sample,population_s,number_population)
IF Returns one value if a condition you specify
  evaluates to TRUE and another value if it evaluates to FALSE.		 IF(logical_test,value_if_true,value_if_false)
IFERROR Returns a value you
  specify if a formula evaluates to an error; otherwise, returns the result of
  the formula. Use the IFERROR function to trap and handle errors in a
  formula (formula: A sequence of values, cell references, names,
  functions, or operators in a cell that together produce a new value. A
  formula always begins with an equal sign (=).).		 IFERROR(value,value_if_error)
IMABS Returns the absolute value (modulus) of a complex
  number in x + yi or x + yj text format.		 IMABS(inumber)
IMAGINARY Returns the imaginary
  coefficient of a complex number in x + yi or x + yj text format.		 IMAGINARY(inumber)
IMARGUMENT Returns the argument theta, an angle expressed in
  radians		 IMARGUMENT(inumber)
IMCONJUGATE Returns the complex
  conjugate of a complex number in x + yi or x + yj text format.		 IMCONJUGATE(inumber)
IMCOS Returns the cosine of a complex number in x + yi or
  x + yj text format		 IMCOS(inumber)
IMDIV Returns the quotient of
  two complex numbers in x + yi or x + yj text format.		 IMDIV(inumber1,inumber2)
IMEXP Returns the exponential of a complex number in x +
  yi or x + yj text format.		 IMEXP(inumber)
IMLN Returns the natural
  logarithm of a complex number in x + yi or x + yj text format.		 IMLN(inumber)
IMLOG10 Returns the common logarithm (base 10) of a complex
  number in x + yi or x + yj text format.		 IMLOG10(inumber)
IMLOG2 Returns the base-2
  logarithm of a complex number in x + yi or x + yj text format.		 IMLOG2(inumber)
IMPOWER Returns a complex number in x + yi or x + yj text
  format raised to a power.		 IMPOWER(inumber,number)
IMPRODUCT Returns the product of 1
  to 255 complex numbers in x + yi or x + yj text format.		 IMPRODUCT(inumber1,inumber2,...)
IMREAL Returns the real coefficient of a complex number in
  x + yi or x + yj text format.		 IMREAL(inumber)
IMSIN Returns the sine of a
  complex number in x + yi or x + yj text format.		 IMSIN(inumber)
IMSQRT Returns the square root of a complex number in x +
  yi or x + yj text format.		 IMSQRT(inumber)
IMSUB Returns the difference of
  two complex numbers in x + yi or x + yj text format.		 IMSUB(inumber1,inumber2)
IMSUM Returns the sum of two or more complex numbers in x
  + yi or x + yj text format.		 IMSUM(inumber1,inumber2,...)
INDEX (array
  form)		 Returns the value of an
  element in a table or an array (array: Used to build single formulas
  that produce multiple results or that operate on a group of arguments that
  are arranged in rows and columns. An array range shares a common formula; an
  array constant is a group of constants used as an argument.), selected by the
  row and column number indexes.		 INDEX(array,row_num,column_num)
INDEX (reference form) Returns the reference of the cell at the
  intersection of a particular row and column. If the reference is made up of
  nonadjacent selections, you can pick the selection to look in.		 INDEX(reference,row_num,column_num,area_num)
INDIRECT Returns the reference
  specified by a text string. References are immediately evaluated to display
  their contents. Use INDIRECT when you want to change the reference to a cell
  within a formula without changing the formula itself.		 INDIRECT(ref_text,a1)
INFO Returns information about the current operating
  environment.		 INFO(type_text)
INT Rounds a number down to
  the nearest integer.		 INT(number)
INTERCEPT Calculates the point at which a line will intersect
  the y-axis by using existing x-values and y-values. The intercept point is
  based on a best-fit regression line plotted through the known x-values and
  known y-values. Use the INTERCEPT function when you want to determine the
  value of the dependent variable when the independent variable is 0 (zero).
  For example, you can use the INTERCEPT function to predict a metal's
  electrical resistance at 0°C when your data points were taken at room
  temperature and higher.		 INTERCEPT(known_y's,known_x's)
INTRATE Returns the interest rate
  for a fully invested security.		 INTRATE(settlement,maturity,investment,redemption,basis)
IPMT Returns the interest payment for a given period for
  an investment based on periodic, constant payments and a constant interest
  rate.		 IPMT(rate,per,nper,pv,fv,type)
IRR Returns the internal rate
  of return for a series of cash flows represented by the numbers in values.
  These cash flows do not have to be even, as they would be for an annuity.
  However, the cash flows must occur at regular intervals, such as monthly or
  annually. The internal rate of return is the interest rate received for an
  investment consisting of payments (negative values) and income (positive
  values) that occur at regular periods.		 IRR(values,guess)
ISBLANK Returns the logical value TRUE if value is a
  reference to an empty cell; otherwise it returns FALSE		 ISBLANK(value)
ISERR Returns the logical value
  TRUE if value is a reference to any error value except #N/A.; otherwise it
  returns FALSE		 ISERR(value)
ISERROR Returns the logical value TRUE if value is a
  reference to any error value (#N/A, #VALUE!, #REF!, #DIV/0!, #NUM!, #NAME?,
  or #NULL!).; otherwise it returns FALSE		 ISERROR(value)
ISEVEN Returns TRUE if number is
  even, or FALSE if number is odd.		 ISEVEN(number)
ISLOGICAL Returns the logical value TRUE if value is a
  reference to a logical value; otherwise it returns FALSE		 ISLOGICAL(value)
ISNA Returns the logical value
  TRUE if value is a reference to the #N/A (value not available) error value.;
  otherwise it returns FALSE		 ISNA(value)
ISNONTEXT Returns the logical value TRUE if value is a
  reference to any item that is not text. (Note that this function returns TRUE
  if value refers to a blank cell.).; otherwise it returns FALSE		 ISNONTEXT(value)
ISNUMBER Returns the logical value
  TRUE if value is a reference to a number; otherwise it returns FALSE		 ISNUMBER(value)
ISODD Returns TRUE if number is odd, or FALSE if number
  is even.		 ISODD(number)
ISPMT Calculates the interest
  paid during a specific period of an investment. This function is provided for
  compatibility with Lotus 1-2-3.		 ISPMT(rate,per,nper,pv)
ISREF Returns the logical value TRUE if value is a
  reference to a reference; otherwise it returns FALSE		 ISREF(value)
ISTEXT Returns the logical value
  TRUE if value is a reference to text; otherwise it returns FALSE		 ISTEXT(value)
KURT Returns the kurtosis of a data set. Kurtosis
  characterizes the relative peakedness or flatness of a distribution compared
  with the normal distribution. Positive kurtosis indicates a relatively peaked
  distribution. Negative kurtosis indicates a relatively flat distribution.		 KURT(number1,number2,...)
LARGE Returns the k-th largest
  value in a data set. You can use this function to select a value based on its
  relative standing. For example, you can use LARGE to return the highest,
  runner-up, or third-place score.		 LARGE(array,k)
LCM Returns the least common multiple of integers. The
  least common multiple is the smallest positive integer that is a multiple of
  all integer arguments number1, number2, and so on. Use LCM to add fractions
  with different denominators.		 LCM(number1,number2, ...)
LEFT LEFT returns the first
  character or characters in a text string, based on the number of characters
  you specify.		 LEFT(text,num_chars)
LEFTB LEFTB counts each double-byte character as 2 when
  you have enabled the editing of a language that supports DBCS and then set it
  as the default language. Otherwise, LEFTB counts each character as 1.		 LEFTB(text,num_bytes)
LEN LEN returns the number of
  characters in a text string.		 LEN(text)
LENB LENB returns the number of bytes used to represent
  the characters in a text string.		 LENB(text)
LINEST Calculates the statistics
  for a line by using the "least squares" method to calculate a
  straight line that best fits your data, and then returns an array that
  describes the line. You can also combine LINEST with other functions to
  calculate the statistics for other types of models that are linear in the
  unknown parameters, including polynomial, logarithmic, exponential, and power
  series. Because this function returns an array of values, it must be entered
  as an array formula.

   

    The equation for the line is:

   

    y = mx + b or

   

    y = m1x1 + m2x2 + ... + b (if there are multiple ranges of x-values)

   

   		 LINEST(known_y's,known_x's,const,stats)
LN Returns the natural logarithm of a number. Natural
  logarithms are based on the constant e (2.71828182845904).		 LN(number)
LOG Returns the logarithm of a
  number to the base you specify.		 LOG(number,base)
LOG10 Returns the base-10 logarithm of a number. LOG10(number)
LOGEST In regression analysis,
  calculates an exponential curve that fits your data and returns an array of
  values that describes the curve. Because this function returns an array of
  values, it must be entered as an array formula.

   

    The equation for the curve is:

   

    y = b*m^x or

   

    y = (b*(m1^x1)*(m2^x2)*_) (if there are multiple x-values)

   

   		 LOGEST(known_y's,known_x's,const,stats)
LOGINV Returns the inverse of the lognormal cumulative
  distribution function of x, where ln(x) is normally distributed with
  parameters mean and standard_dev. If p = LOGNORMDIST(x,...) then

  LOGINV(p,...) = x.		 LOGINV(probability,mean,standard_dev)
LOGNORMDIST Returns the cumulative
  lognormal distribution of x, where ln(x) is normally distributed with
  parameters mean and standard_dev. Use this function to analyze data that has
  been logarithmically transformed.		 LOGNORMDIST(x,mean,standard_dev)
LOOKUP (Vector form) Returns a value either from a one-row or one-column
  range or from an array (array: Used to build single formulas that produce
  multiple results or that operate on a group of arguments that are arranged in
  rows and columns. An array range shares a common formula; an array constant
  is a group of constants used as an argument.). The LOOKUP function has two
  syntax forms: the vector form and the array form. Use the vector form when
  you have a large list of values to look up or when the values may change over
  time.		 LOOKUP(lookup_value,lookup_vector,result_vector)
LOOKUP
  (Array form)		 Returns a value either
  from a one-row or one-column range or from an array (array: Used to build
  single formulas that produce multiple results or that operate on a group of
  arguments that are arranged in rows and columns. An array range shares a
  common formula; an array constant is a group of constants used as an
  argument.). The LOOKUP function has two syntax forms: the vector form and the
  array form. Use the array form when you have a small list of values and the
  values remain constant over time.		 LOOKUP(lookup_value,array)
LOWER Converts all uppercase letters in a text string to
  lowercase.		 LOWER(text)
MATCH Returns the relative
  position of an item in an array (array: Used to build single formulas
  that produce multiple results or that operate on a group of arguments that
  are arranged in rows and columns. An array range shares a common formula; an
  array constant is a group of constants used as an argument.) that matches a
  specified value in a specified order. Use MATCH instead of one of the LOOKUP
  functions when you need the position of an item in a range instead of the
  item itself.		 MATCH(lookup_value,lookup_array,match_type)
MAX Returns the largest value in a set of values. MAX(number1,number2,...)
MAXA Returns the largest value
  in a list of arguments.		 MAXA(value1,value2,...)
MDETERM Returns the matrix determinant of an array. MDETERM(array)
MDURATION Returns the modified
  Macauley duration for a security with an assumed par value of $100.		 MDURATION(settlement,maturity,coupon,yld,frequency,basis)
MEDIAN Returns the median of the given numbers. The median
  is the number in the middle of a set of numbers.		 MEDIAN(number1,number2,...)
MID MID returns a specific
  number of characters from a text string, starting at the position you
  specify, based on the number of characters you specify.		 MID(text,start_num,num_chars)
MIDB MIDB returns a specific number of characters from a
  text string, starting at the position you specify, based on the number of
  bytes you specify.		 MIDB(text,start_num,num_bytes)
MIN Returns the smallest
  number in a set of values.		 MIN(number1,number2,...)
MINA Returns the smallest value in the list of
  arguments.		 MINA(value1,value2,...)
MINUTE Returns the minutes of a
  time value. The minute is given as an integer, ranging from 0 to 59.		 MINUTE(serial_number)
MINVERSE Returns the inverse matrix for the matrix stored in
  an array.		 MINVERSE(array)
MIRR Returns the modified
  internal rate of return for a series of periodic cash flows. MIRR considers
  both the cost of the investment and the interest received on reinvestment of
  cash.		 MIRR(values,finance_rate,reinvest_rate)
MMULT Returns the matrix product of two arrays. The
  result is an array with the same number of rows as array1 and the same number
  of columns as array2.		 MMULT(array1,array2)
MOD Returns the remainder
  after number is divided by divisor. The result has the same sign as divisor.		 MOD(number,divisor)
MODE Returns the most frequently occurring, or
  repetitive, value in an array or range of data.		 MODE(number1,number2,...)
MONTH Returns the month of a
  date represented by a serial number. The month is given as an integer,
  ranging from 1 (January) to 12 (December).		 MONTH(serial_number)
MROUND Returns a number rounded to the desired multiple. MROUND(number,multiple)
MULTINOMIAL Returns the ratio of the
  factorial of a sum of values to the product of factorials.		 MULTINOMIAL(number1,number2,
  ...)
N Returns a value converted to a number. N(value)
NA Returns the error value
  #N/A. #N/A is the error value that means "no value is available."
  Use NA to mark empty cells. By entering #N/A in cells where you are missing
  information, you can avoid the problem of unintentionally including empty
  cells in your calculations. (When a formula refers to a cell containing #N/A,
  the formula returns the #N/A error value.)		 NA( )
NEGBINOMDIST Returns the negative binomial distribution.
  NEGBINOMDIST returns the probability that there will be number_f failures
  before the number_s-th success, when the constant probability of a success is
  probability_s. This function is similar to the binomial distribution, except
  that the number of successes is fixed, and the number of trials is variable.
  Like the binomial, trials are assumed to be independent.		 NEGBINOMDIST(number_f,number_s,probability_s)
NETWORKDAYS Returns the number of
  whole working days between start_date and end_date. Working days exclude
  weekends and any dates identified in holidays. Use NETWORKDAYS to calculate
  employee benefits that accrue based on the number of days worked during a
  specific term.		 NETWORKDAYS(start_date,end_date,holidays)
NOMINAL Returns the nominal annual interest rate, given the
  effective rate and the number of compounding periods per year.		 NOMINAL(effect_rate,npery)
NORMDIST Returns the normal
  distribution for the specified mean and standard deviation. This function has
  a very wide range of applications in statistics, including hypothesis
  testing.		 NORMDIST(x,mean,standard_dev,cumulative)
NORMINV Returns the inverse of the normal cumulative
  distribution for the specified mean and standard deviation.		 NORMINV(probability,mean,standard_dev)
NORMSDIST Returns the standard
  normal cumulative distribution function. The distribution has a mean of 0
  (zero) and a standard deviation of one. Use this function in place of a table
  of standard normal curve areas.		 NORMSDIST(z)
NORMSINV Returns the inverse of the standard normal
  cumulative distribution. The distribution has a mean of zero and a standard
  deviation of one.		 NORMSINV(probability)
NOT Reverses the value of its
  argument. Use NOT when you want to make sure a value is not equal to one
  particular value.		 NOT(logical)
NOW Returns the serial number of the current date and
  time. If the cell format was General before the function was entered, the result is formatted as a
  date.		 NOW( )
NPER Returns the number of
  periods for an investment based on periodic, constant payments and a constant
  interest rate.		 NPER(rate, pmt, pv, fv,
  type)
NPV Calculates the net present value of an investment
  by using a discount rate and a series of future payments (negative values)
  and income (positive values).		 NPV(rate,value1,value2,
  ...)
OCT2BIN Converts an octal number
  to binary.		 OCT2BIN(number,places)
OCT2DEC Converts an octal number to decimal. OCT2DEC(number)
OCT2HEX Converts an octal number
  to hexadecimal.		 OCT2HEX(number,places)
ODD Returns number rounded up to the nearest odd
  integer.		 ODD(number)
ODDFPRICE Returns the price per $100
  face value of a security having an odd (short or long) first period.		 ODDFPRICE(settlement,maturity,issue,first_coupon,rate,yld,redemption,frequency,basis)
ODDFYIELD Returns the yield of a security that has an odd
  (short or long) first period.		 ODDFYIELD(settlement,maturity,issue,first_coupon,rate,pr,redemption,frequency,basis)
ODDLPRICE Returns the price per $100
  face value of a security having an odd (short or long) last coupon period.		 ODDLPRICE(settlement,maturity,last_interest,rate,yld,redemption,frequency,basis)
ODDLYIELD Returns the yield of a security that has an odd
  (short or long) last period.		 ODDLYIELD(settlement,maturity,last_interest,rate,pr,redemption,frequency,basis)
OFFSET Returns a reference to a
  range that is a specified number of rows and columns from a cell or range of
  cells. The reference that is returned can be a single cell or a range of
  cells. You can specify the number of rows and the number of columns to be
  returned.		 OFFSET(reference,rows,cols,height,width)
OR Returns TRUE if any argument is TRUE; returns FALSE
  if all arguments are FALSE.		 OR(logical1,logical2,...)
PEARSON Returns the Pearson
  product moment correlation coefficient, r, a dimensionless index that ranges
  from -1.0 to 1.0 inclusive and reflects the extent of a linear relationship
  between two data sets.		 PEARSON(array1,array2)
PERCENTILE Returns the k-th percentile of values in a range.
  You can use this function to establish a threshold of acceptance. For
  example, you can decide to examine candidates who score above the 90th
  percentile.		 PERCENTILE(array,k)
PERCENTRANK Returns the rank of a
  value in a data set as a percentage of the data set. This function can be
  used to evaluate the relative standing of a value within a data set. For
  example, you can use PERCENTRANK to evaluate the standing of an aptitude test
  score among all scores for the test.		 PERCENTRANK(array,x,significance)
PERMUT Returns the number of permutations for a given
  number of objects that can be selected from number objects. A permutation is
  any set or subset of objects or events where internal order is significant.
  Permutations are different from combinations, for which the internal order is
  not significant. Use this function for lottery-style probability
  calculations.		 PERMUT(number,number_chosen)
PI Returns the number
  3.14159265358979, the mathematical constant pi, accurate to 15 digits.		 PI( )
PMT Calculates the payment for a loan based on constant
  payments and a constant interest rate.		 PMT(rate,nper,pv,fv,type)
POISSON Returns the Poisson
  distribution. A common application of the Poisson distribution is predicting
  the number of events over a specific time, such as the number of cars
  arriving at a toll plaza in 1 minute.		 POISSON(x,mean,cumulative)
POWER Returns the result of a number raised to a power. POWER(number,power)
PPMT Returns the payment on the
  principal for a given period for an investment based on periodic, constant
  payments and a constant interest rate.		 PPMT(rate,per,nper,pv,fv,type)
PRICE Returns the price per $100 face value of a security
  that pays periodic interest.		 PRICE(settlement,maturity,rate,yld,redemption,frequency,basis)
PRICEDISC Returns the price per $100
  face value of a discounted security.		 PRICEDISC(settlement,maturity,discount,redemption,basis)
PRICEMAT Returns the price per $100 face value of a security
  that pays interest at maturity.		 PRICEMAT(settlement,maturity,issue,rate,yld,basis)
PROB Returns the probability
  that values in a range are between two limits. If upper_limit is not
  supplied, returns the probability that values in x_range are equal to
  lower_limit.		 PROB(x_range,prob_range,lower_limit,upper_limit)
PRODUCT Multiplies all the numbers given as arguments and
  returns the product.		 PRODUCT(number1,number2,...)
PROPER Capitalizes the first
  letter in a text string and any other letters in text that follow any
  character other than a letter. Converts all other letters to lowercase
  letters.		 PROPER(text)
PV Returns the present value of an investment. The
  present value is the total amount that a series of future payments is worth
  now. For example, when you borrow money, the loan amount is the present value
  to the lender.		 PV(rate,nper,pmt,fv,type)
QUARTILE Returns the quartile of a
  data set. Quartiles often are used in sales and survey data to divide
  populations into groups. For example, you can use QUARTILE to find the top 25
  percent of incomes in a population.		 QUARTILE(array,quart)
QUOTIENT Returns the integer portion of a division. Use this
  function when you want to discard the remainder of a division.		 QUOTIENT(numerator,denominator)
RADIANS Converts degrees to
  radians		 RADIANS(angle)
RAND Returns an evenly distributed random real number
  greater than or equal to 0 and less than 1. A new random real number is
  returned every time the worksheet is calculated.		 RAND( )
RANDBETWEEN Returns a random integer
  number between the numbers you specify. A new random integer number is
  returned every time the worksheet is calculated.		 RANDBETWEEN(bottom,top)
RANK Returns the rank of a number in a list of numbers.
  The rank of a number is its size relative to other values in a list. (If you
  were to sort the list, the rank of the number would be its position.)		 RANK(number,ref,order)
RATE Returns the interest rate
  per period of an annuity. RATE is calculated by iteration and can have zero
  or more solutions. If the successive results of RATE do not converge to
  within 0.0000001 after 20 iterations, RATE returns the #NUM! error value.		 RATE(nper,pmt,pv,fv,type,guess)
RECEIVED Returns the amount received at maturity for a fully
  invested security.		 RECEIVED(settlement,maturity,investment,discount,basis)
REPLACE REPLACE replaces part of a
  text string, based on the number of characters you specify, with a different
  text string.		 REPLACE(old_text,start_num,num_chars,new_text)
REPLACEB REPLACEB replaces part of a text string, based on
  the number of bytes you specify, with a different text string.		 REPLACEB(old_text,start_num,num_bytes,new_text)
REPT Repeats text a given
  number of times. Use REPT to fill a cell with a number of instances of a text
  string.		 REPT(text,number_times)
RIGHT RIGHT returns the last character or characters in a
  text string, based on the number of characters you specify.		 RIGHT(text,num_chars)
RIGHTB RIGHTB returns the last
  character or characters in a text string, based on the number of bytes you
  specify.		 RIGHTB(text,num_bytes)
ROMAN Converts an arabic numeral to roman, as text. ROMAN(number,form)
ROUND Rounds a number to a
  specified number of digits.		 ROUND(number,num_digits)
ROUNDDOWN Rounds a number down, toward zero. ROUNDDOWN(number,num_digits)
ROUNDUP Rounds a number up, away
  from 0 (zero).		 ROUNDUP(number,num_digits)
ROW Returns the row number of a reference. ROW(reference)
ROWS Returns the number of rows
  in a reference or array (array: Used to build single formulas that
  produce multiple results or that operate on a group of arguments that are
  arranged in rows and columns. An array range shares a common formula; an
  array constant is a group of constants used as an argument.).		 ROWS(array)
RSQ Returns the square of the Pearson product moment
  correlation coefficient through data points in known_y's and known_x's. For
  more information, see PEARSON. The r-squared value can be interpreted as the
  proportion of the variance in y attributable to the variance in x.		 RSQ(known_y's,known_x's)
RTD Retrieves real-time data
  from a program that supports COM automation (COM add-in: A supplemental
  program that extends the capabilities of a Microsoft Office program by adding
  custom commands and specialized features. COM add-ins can run in one or more
  Office programs. COM add-ins use the file name extension .dll or .exe.).		 =RTD(ProgID,server,topic1,[topic2],...)
SEARCH locate one text string within a second text string,
  and return the number of the starting position of the first text string from
  the first character of the second text string.

    SEARCH always counts each character, whether single-byte or double-byte, as
  1, no matter what the default language setting is.

   		 SEARCH(find_text,within_text,start_num)
SEARCHB locate one text string
  within a second text string, and return the number of the starting position
  of the first text string from the first character of the second text string.
 

    SEARCHB counts each double-byte character as 2 when you have enabled the
  editing of a language that supports DBCS and then set it as the default
  language. Otherwise, SEARCHB counts each character as 1.

   		 SEARCHB(find_text,within_text,start_num)
SECOND Returns the seconds of a time value. The second is
  given as an integer in the range 0 (zero) to 59.		 SECOND(serial_number)
SERIESSUM Returns the sum of a power
  series expansion		 SERIESSUM(x,n,m,coefficients)
SIGN Determines the sign of a number. Returns 1 if the
  number is positive, zero (0) if the number is 0, and -1 if the number is
  negative.		 SIGN(number)
SIN Returns the sine of the
  given angle.		 SIN(number)
SINH Returns the hyperbolic sine of a number. SINH(number)
SKEW Returns the skewness of a
  distribution. Skewness characterizes the degree of asymmetry of a
  distribution around its mean. Positive skewness indicates a distribution with
  an asymmetric tail extending toward more positive values. Negative skewness
  indicates a distribution with an asymmetric tail extending toward more
  negative values.		 SKEW(number1,number2,...)
SLN Returns the straight-line depreciation of an asset
  for one period.		 SLN(cost,salvage,life)
SLOPE Returns the slope of the
  linear regression line through data points in known_y's and known_x's. The
  slope is the vertical distance divided by the horizontal distance between any
  two points on the line, which is the rate of change along the regression line.		 SLOPE(known_y's,known_x's)
SMALL Returns the k-th smallest value in a data set. Use
  this function to return values with a particular relative standing in a data
  set.		 SMALL(array,k)
SQRT Returns a positive square
  root.		 SQRT(number)
STANDARDIZE Returns a normalized value from a distribution
  characterized by mean and standard_dev.		 STANDARDIZE(x,mean,standard_dev)
STDEV Estimates standard
  deviation based on a sample. The standard deviation is a measure of how
  widely values are dispersed from the average value (the mean).		 STDEV(number1,number2,...)
STDEVA Estimates standard deviation based on a sample. The
  standard deviation is a measure of how widely values are dispersed from the
  average value (the mean).		 STDEVA(value1,value2,...)
STDEVP Calculates standard
  deviation based on the entire population given as arguments. The standard
  deviation is a measure of how widely values are dispersed from the average
  value (the mean).		 STDEVP(number1,number2,...)
STDEVPA Calculates standard deviation based on the entire
  population given as arguments, including text and logical values. The
  standard deviation is a measure of how widely values are dispersed from the
  average value (the mean).		 STDEVPA(value1,value2,...)
STEYX Returns the standard error
  of the predicted y-value for each x in the regression. The standard error is
  a measure of the amount of error in the prediction of y for an individual x.		 STEYX(known_y's,known_x's)
SUBSTITUTE Substitutes new_text for old_text in a text string.
  Use SUBSTITUTE when you want to replace specific text in a text string; use
  REPLACE when you want to replace any text that occurs in a specific location
  in a text string.		 SUBSTITUTE(text,old_text,new_text,instance_num)
SUBTOTAL Returns a subtotal in a
  list or database. It is generally easier to create a list with subtotals by
  using the Subtotal command in
  the Outline group on
  the Data tab. Once the
  subtotal list is created, you can modify it by editing the SUBTOTAL function.		 SUBTOTAL(function_num, ref1, ref2, ...)
SUM Adds all the numbers in a range of cells. SUM(number1,number2, ...)
SUMIF Adds the cells specified
  by a given criteria.		 SUMIF(range,criteria,sum_range)
SUMIFS Adds the cells in a range that meet multiple
  criteria.		 SUMIFS(sum_range,criteria_range1,criteria1,criteria_range2,criteria2…)
SUMPRODUCT Multiplies corresponding
  components in the given arrays, and returns the sum of those products.		 SUMPRODUCT(array1,array2,array3,
  ...)
SUMSQ Returns the sum of the squares of the arguments. SUMSQ(number1,number2, ...)
SUMX2MY2 Returns the sum of the
  difference of squares of corresponding values in two arrays.		 SUMX2MY2(array_x,array_y)
SUMX2PY2 Returns the sum of the sum of squares of
  corresponding values in two arrays. The sum of the sum of squares is a common
  term in many statistical calculations.		 SUMX2PY2(array_x,array_y)
SYMXMY2 Returns the sum of squares
  of differences of corresponding values in two arrays.		 SUMXMY2(array_x,array_y)
SYD Returns the sum-of-years' digits depreciation of an
  asset for a specified period.		 SYD(cost,salvage,life,per)
T Returns the text referred
  to by value.		 T(value)
TAN Returns the tangent of the given angle. TAN(number)
TANH Returns the hyperbolic
  tangent of a number.		 TANH(number)
TBILLEQ Returns the bond-equivalent yield for a Treasury
  bill.		 TBILLEQ(settlement,maturity,discount)
TBILLPRICE Returns the price per $100
  face value for a Treasury bill.		 TBILLPRICE(settlement,maturity,discount)
TBILLYIELD Returns the yield for a Treasury bill. TBILLYIELD(settlement,maturity,pr)
TDIST Returns the Percentage
  Points (probability) for the Student t-distribution where a numeric value (x)
  is a calculated value of t for which the Percentage Points are to be
  computed. The t-distribution is used in the hypothesis testing of small
  sample data sets. Use this function in place of a table of critical values
  for the t-distribution.		 TDIST(x,degrees_freedom,tails)
TEXT Converts a value to text in a specific number
  format.		 TEXT(value,format_text)
TIME Returns the decimal number
  for a particular time. If the cell format was General before the function was entered, the result is formatted as a
  date.

   

    The decimal number returned by TIME is a value ranging from 0 (zero) to
  0.99999999, representing the times from 0:00:00 (12:00:00 AM) to 23:59:59
  (11:59:59 P.M.).		 TIME(hour,minute,second)
TIMEVALUE Returns the decimal number of the time represented
  by a text string. The decimal number is a value ranging from 0 (zero) to
  0.99999999, representing the times from 0:00:00 (12:00:00 AM) to 23:59:59
  (11:59:59 P.M.).		 TIMEVALUE(time_text)
TINV Returns the t-value of the
  Student's t-distribution as a function of the probability and the degrees of
  freedom.		 TINV(probability,degrees_freedom)
TODAY Returns the serial number of the current date. The
  serial number is the date-time code used by Microsoft Excel for date and time
  calculations. If the cell format was General before the function was entered, the result is formatted as a
  date.		 TODAY( )
TRANSPOSE Returns a vertical range
  of cells as a horizontal range, or vice versa. TRANSPOSE must be entered as
  an array formula (array formula: A formula that
  performs multiple calculations on one or more sets of values, and then
  returns either a single result or multiple results. Array formulas are
  enclosed between braces { } and are entered by pressing CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER.) in a range that has the same number of rows and columns,
  respectively, as an array (array: Used to
  build single formulas that produce multiple results or that operate on a
  group of arguments that are arranged in rows and columns. An array range
  shares a common formula; an array constant is a group of constants used as an
  argument.) has columns and rows. Use TRANSPOSE to
  shift the vertical and horizontal orientation of an array on a worksheet.		 TRANSPOSE(array)
TREND Returns values along a linear trend. Fits a
  straight line (using the method of least squares) to the arrays known_y's and
  known_x's. Returns the y-values along that line for the array of new_x's that
  you specify.		 TREND(known_y's,known_x's,new_x's,const)
TRIM Removes all spaces from
  text except for single spaces between words. Use TRIM on text that you have
  received from another application that may have irregular spacing.		 TRIM(text)
TRIMMEAN Returns the mean of the interior of a data set.
  TRIMMEAN calculates the mean taken by excluding a percentage of data points
  from the top and bottom tails of a data set. You can use this function when
  you wish to exclude outlying data from your analysis.		 TRIMMEAN(array,percent)
TRUE Returns the logical value
  TRUE.		 TRUE(
  )
TRUNC Truncates a number to an integer by removing the
  fractional part of the number.		 TRUNC(number,num_digits)
TTEST Returns the probability
  associated with a Student's t-Test. Use TTEST to determine whether two
  samples are likely to have come from the same two underlying populations that
  have the same mean.		 TTEST(array1,array2,tails,type)
TYPE Returns the type of value. Use TYPE when the
  behavior of another function depends on the type of value in a particular
  cell.		 TYPE(value)
UPPER Converts text to
  uppercase.		 UPPER(text)
VALUE Converts a text string that represents a number to
  a number.		 VALUE(text)
VAR Estimates variance based
  on a sample.		 VAR(number1,number2,...)
VARA Estimates variance based on a sample. VARA(value1,value2,...)
VARP Calculates variance based
  on the entire population.		 VARP(number1,number2,...)
VARPA Calculates variance based on the entire population. VARPA(value1,value2,...)
VDB Returns the depreciation
  of an asset for any period you specify, including partial periods, using the
  double-declining balance method or some other method you specify. VDB stands
  for variable declining balance.		 VDB(cost,salvage,life,start_period,end_period,factor,no_switch)
VLOOKUP Searches for a value in the first column of a table
  array and returns a value in the same row from another column in the table
  array.		 VLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,col_index_num,range_lookup)
WEEKDAY Returns the day of the
  week corresponding to a date. The day is given as an integer, ranging from 1
  (Sunday) to 7 (Saturday), by default.		 WEEKDAY(serial_number,return_type)
WEEKNUM Returns a number that indicates where the week
  falls numerically within a year.		 WEEKNUM(serial_num,return_type)
WEIBULL Returns the Weibull
  distribution. Use this distribution in reliability analysis, such as
  calculating a device's mean time to failure.		 WEIBULL(x,alpha,beta,cumulative)
WORKDAY Returns a number that represents a date that is the
  indicated number of working days before or after a date (the starting date).
  Working days exclude weekends and any dates identified as holidays. Use
  WORKDAY to exclude weekends or holidays when you calculate invoice due dates,
  expected delivery times, or the number of days of work performed.		 WORKDAY(start_date,days,holidays)
XIRR Returns the internal rate
  of return for a schedule of cash flows that is not necessarily periodic. To
  calculate the internal rate of return for a series of periodic cash flows,
  use the IRR function.		 XIRR(values,dates,guess)
XNPV Returns the net present value for a schedule of
  cash flows that is not necessarily periodic. To calculate the net present
  value for a series of cash flows that is periodic, use the NPV function.		 XNPV(rate,values,dates)
YEAR Returns the year
  corresponding to a date. The year is returned as an integer in the range
  1900-9999.		 YEAR(serial_number)
YEARFRAC Calculates the fraction of the year represented by
  the number of whole days between two dates (the start_date and the end_date).
  Use the YEARFRAC worksheet function to identify the proportion of a whole
  year's benefits or obligations to assign to a specific term.		 YEARFRAC(start_date,end_date,basis)
YIELD Returns the yield on a
  security that pays periodic interest. Use YIELD to calculate bond yield.		 YIELD(settlement,maturity,rate,pr,redemption,frequency,basis)
YIELDDISC Returns the annual yield for a discounted security. YIELDDISC(settlement,maturity,pr,redemption,basis)
YIELDMAT Returns the annual yield
  of a security that pays interest at maturity.		 YIELDMAT(settlement,maturity,issue,rate,pr,basis)
ZTEST Returns the one-tailed probability-value of a
  z-test. For a given hypothesized population mean, μ0, ZTEST returns the probability that the sample mean would be
  greater than the average of observations in the data set (array) — that is,
  the observed sample mean.		 ZTEST(array,μ0,sigma)
enefits or obligations to assign to a specific term.		 YEARFRAC(start_date,end_date,basis)
YIELD Returns the yield on a
  security that pays periodic interest. Use YIELD to calculate bond yield.		 YIELD(settlement,maturity,rate,pr,redemption,frequency,basis)
YIELDDISC Returns the annual yield for a discounted security. YIELDDISC(settlement,maturity,pr,redemption,basis)
YIELDMAT Returns the annual yield
  of a security that pays interest at maturity.		 YIELDMAT(settlement,maturity,issue,rate,pr,basis)
ZTEST Returns the one-tailed probability-value of a
  z-test. For a given hypothesized population mean, μ0, ZTEST returns the probability that the sample mean would be
  greater than the average of observations in the data set (array) — that is,
  the observed sample mean.		 ZTEST(array,μ0,sigma)






  Funciton
  Description
  Syntex


  ABS
  Returns the absolute value of a number. The
  absolute value of a number is the number without its sign.
  ABS(number)


  ACCRINT
  Returns the accrued
  interest for a security that pays periodic interest.
  ACCRINT(issue,first_interest,settlement,rate,par,frequency,basis,calc_method)


  ACCRINTM
  Returns the accrued interest for a security that
  pays interest at maturity.
  ACCRINTM(issue,settlement,rate,par,basis)


  ACOS
  Returns the arccosine, or
  inverse cosine, of a number. The arccosine is the angle whose cosine is number. The returned angle is given
  in radians in the range 0 (zero) to pi.
  ACOS(number)


  ACOSH
  Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a number.
  Number must be greater than or equal to 1. The inverse hyperbolic cosine is
  the value whose hyperbolic cosine is number, so ACOSH(COSH(number)) equals number.
  ACOSH(number)


  ADDRESS
  Creates a cell address as
  text, given specified row and column numbers.
  ADDRESS(row_num,column_num,abs_num,a1,sheet_text)


  AMORDEGRC
  Returns the depreciation for each accounting
  period. This function is provided for the French accounting system. If an
  asset is purchased in the middle of the accounting period, the prorated
  depreciation is taken into account. The function is similar to AMORLINC,
  except that a depreciation coefficient is applied in the calculation
  depending on the life of the assets.
  AMORDEGRC(cost,date_purchased,first_period,salvage,period,rate,basis)


  AMORLINC
  Returns the depreciation
  for each accounting period. This function is provided for the French
  accounting system. If an asset is purchased in the middle of the accounting
  period, the prorated depreciation is taken into account.
  AMORLINC(cost,date_purchased,first_period,salvage,period,rate,basis)


  AND
  Returns TRUE if all its arguments are TRUE; returns
  FALSE if one or more argument is FALSE.
  AND(logical1,logical2, ...)


  AREAS
  Returns the number of
  areas in a reference. An area is a range of contiguous cells or a single
  cell.
  AREAS(reference)


  ASIN
  Returns the arcsine, or inverse sine, of a number.
  The arcsine is the angle whose sine is number. The returned angle is given in radians in the range -pi/2 to
  pi/2.
  ASIN(number)


  ASINH
  Returns the inverse
  hyperbolic sine of a number. The inverse hyperbolic sine is the value whose
  hyperbolic sine is number, so
  ASINH(SINH(number)) equals number.
  ASINH(number)


  ATAN
  Returns the arctangent, or inverse tangent, of a
  number. The arctangent is the angle whose tangent is number. The returned angle is given in radians in the range -pi/2 to
  pi/2.
  ATAN (number)


  ATAN2
  Returns the arctangent, or
  inverse tangent, of the specified x- and y-coordinates. The arctangent is the
  angle from the x-axis to a line containing the origin (0, 0) and a point with
  coordinates (x_num, y_num). The angle is given in radians between -pi and pi,
  excluding -pi.
  ATAN2(x_num,y_num)


  ATANH
  Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number.
  Number must be between -1 and 1 (excluding -1 and 1). The inverse hyperbolic
  tangent is the value whose hyperbolic tangent is number, so ATANH(TANH(number)) equals number.
  ATANH(number)


  AVEDEV
  Returns the average of the
  absolute deviations of data points from their mean. AVEDEV is a measure of
  the variability in a data set.
  AVEDEV(number1,number2,...)


  AVERAGE
  Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of the
  arguments.
  AVERAGE(number1,number2,...)


  AVERAGEA
  Calculates the average
  (arithmetic mean) of the values in the list of arguments.
  AVERAGEA(value1,value2,...)


  AVERAGEIF
  Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of all the
  cells in a range that meet a given criteria.
  AVERAGEIF(range,criteria,average_range)


  AVERAGEIFS
  Returns the average
  (arithmetic mean) of all cells that meet multiple criteria.
  AVERAGEIFS(average_range,criteria_range1,criteria1,criteria_range2,criteria2…)


  BAHTTEXT
  Converts a number to Thai text and adds a suffix of
  "Baht."
  BAHTTEXT(number)


  BESSELI
  Returns the modified
  Bessel function, which is equivalent to the Bessel function evaluated for
  purely imaginary arguments.
  BESSELI(x,n)


  BESSELJ
  Returns the Bessel function.
  BESSELJ(x,n)


  BESSELK
  Returns the modified
  Bessel function, which is equivalent to the Bessel functions evaluated for
  purely imaginary arguments.
  BESSELK(x,n)


  BESSELY
  Returns the Bessel function, which is also called
  the Weber function or the Neumann function.
  BESSELY(x,n)


  BETADIST
  Returns the cumulative
  beta probability density function. The beta distribution is commonly used to
  study variation in the percentage of something across samples, such as the
  fraction of the day people spend watching television.
  BETADIST(x,alpha,beta,A,B)



  BETAINV
  Returns the inverse of the cumulative beta
  probability density function for a specified beta distribution. That is, if
  probability = BETADIST(x,...), then BETAINV(probability,...) = x. The beta
  distribution can be used in project planning to model probable completion
  times given an expected completion time and variability.
  BETAINV(probability,alpha,beta,A,B)


  BIN2DEC
  Converts a binary number
  to decimal.
  BIN2DEC(number)


  BIN2HEX
  Converts a binary number to hexadecimal.
  BIN2HEX(number,places)


  BIN2OCT
  Converts a binary number
  to octal.
  BIN2OCT(number,places)


  BINOMDIST
  Returns the individual term binomial distribution
  probability. Use BINOMDIST in problems with a fixed number of tests or
  trials, when the outcomes of any trial are only success or failure, when
  trials are independent, and when the probability of success is constant
  throughout the experiment. For example, BINOMDIST can calculate the
  probability that two of the next three babies born are male.
  BINOMDIST(number_s,trials,probability_s,cumulative)


  CEILING
  Returns number rounded up,
  away from zero, to the nearest multiple of significance. For example, if you
  want to avoid using pennies in your prices and your product is priced at
  $4.42, use the formula =CEILING(4.42,0.05) to round prices up to the nearest nickel.
  CEILING(number,significance)


  CELL
  Returns information about the formatting, location,
  or contents of the upper-left cell in a reference.
  CELL(info_type,reference)


  CHAR
  Returns the character
  specified by a number. Use CHAR to translate code page numbers you might get
  from files on other types of computers into characters.
  CHAR(number)


  CHIDIST
  Returns the one-tailed probability of the
  chi-squared distribution. The χ2 distribution is associated with a χ2 test. Use the χ2 test to compare observed and expected values. For example, a
  genetic experiment might hypothesize that the next generation of plants will
  exhibit a certain set of colors. By comparing the observed results with the
  expected ones, you can decide whether your original hypothesis is valid.
  CHIDIST(x,degrees_freedom)


  CHIINV
  Returns the inverse of the
  one-tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution. If probability =
  CHIDIST(x,...), then CHIINV(probability,...) = x. Use this function to
  compare observed results with expected ones in order to decide whether your
  original hypothesis is valid.
  CHIINV(probability,degrees_freedom)


  CHITEST
  Returns the test for independence. CHITEST returns
  the value from the chi-squared (χ2) distribution for the statistic and the appropriate degrees of
  freedom. You can use χ2 tests to determine whether hypothesized results are verified
  by an experiment.
  CHITEST(actual_range,expected_range)


  CHOOSE
  Uses index_num to return a
  value from the list of value arguments. Use CHOOSE to select one of up to 254
  values based on the index number. For example, if value1 through value7 are
  the days of the week, CHOOSE returns one of the days when a number between 1
  and 7 is used as index_num.
  CHOOSE(index_num,value1,value2,...)


  CLEAN
  Removes all nonprintable characters from text. Use
  CLEAN on text imported from other applications that contains characters that
  may not print with your operating system. For example, you can use CLEAN to
  remove some low-level computer code that is frequently at the beginning and
  end of data files and cannot be printed.
  CLEAN(text)


  CODE
  Returns a numeric code for
  the first character in a text string. The returned code corresponds to the
  character set used by your computer.
  CODE(text)


  COLUMN
  Returns the column number of the given reference.
  COLUMN(reference)


  COLUMNS
  Returns the number of
  columns in an array (array: Used to build single formulas that produce
  multiple results or that operate on a group of arguments that are arranged in
  rows and columns. An array range shares a common formula; an array constant
  is a group of constants used as an argument.) or reference.
  COLUMNS(array)


  COMBIN
  Returns the number of combinations for a given
  number of items. Use COMBIN to determine the total possible number of groups
  for a given number of items.
  COMBIN(number,number_chosen)


  COMPLEX
  Converts real and
  imaginary coefficients into a complex number of the form x + yi or x + yj.
  COMPLEX(real_num,i_num,suffix)


  CONCATENATE
  Joins two or more text strings into one text
  string.
  CONCATENATE (text1,text2,...)


  CONFIDENCE
  Returns a value that you
  can use to construct a confidence interval for a population mean. The
  confidence interval is a range of values. Your sample mean, x, is at the
  center of this range and the range is x ± CONFIDENCE. For example, if x is
  the sample mean of delivery times for products ordered through the mail, x ±
  CONFIDENCE is a range of population means. For any population mean, μ0, in this range, the
  probability of obtaining a sample mean further from μ0 than x is greater than
  alpha; for any population mean, μ0, not in this range, the probability of obtaining a sample mean
  further from μ0 than x is less than alpha. In other words, assume that we use
  x, standard_dev, and size to construct a two-tailed test at significance
  level alpha of the hypothesis that the population mean is μ0. Then we will not
  reject that hypothesis if μ0 is in the confidence interval and will reject that hypothesis
  if μ0 is
  not in the confidence interval. The confidence interval does not allow us to
  infer that there is probability 1 – alpha that our next package will take a
  delivery time that is in the confidence interval.
  CONFIDENCE(alpha,standard_dev,size)


  CONVERT
  Converts a number from one measurement system to
  another. For example, CONVERT can translate a table of distances in miles to
  a table of distances in kilometers.
  CONVERT(number,from_unit,to_unit)


  CORREL
  Returns the correlation
  coefficient of the array1 and array2 cell ranges. Use the correlation
  coefficient to determine the relationship between two properties. For
  example, you can examine the relationship between a location's average
  temperature and the use of air conditioners.
  CORREL(array1,array2)


  COS
  Returns the cosine of the given angle.
  COS(number)


  COSH
  Returns the hyperbolic
  cosine of a number.
  COSH(number)


  COUNT
  Counts the number of cells that contain numbers and
  counts numbers within the list of arguments. Use COUNT to get the number of
  entries in a number field that is in a range or array of numbers.
  COUNT(value1,value2,...)


  COUNTA
  Counts the number of cells
  that are not empty and the values within the list of arguments. Use COUNTA to
  count the number of cells that contain data in a range or array.
  COUNTA(value1,value2,...)


  COUNTBLANK
  Counts empty cells in a specified range of cells.
  COUNTBLANK(range)


  COUNTIF
  Counts the number of cells
  within a range that meet the given criteria.
  COUNTIF(range,criteria)


  COUNTIFS
  Counts the number of cells within a range that meet
  multiple criteria.
  COUNTIFS(range1, criteria1,range2, criteria2…)


  COUPDAYBS
  Returns the number of days
  from the beginning of the coupon period to the settlement date.
  COUPDAYBS(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)


  COUPDAYS
  Returns the number of days in the coupon period
  that contains the settlement date.
  COUPDAYS(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)


  COUPDAYSNC
  Returns the number of days
  from the settlement date to the next coupon date.
  COUPDAYSNC(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)


  COUPNCD
  Returns a number that represents the next coupon
  date after the settlement date.
  COUPNCD(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)


  COUPNUM
  Returns the number of
  coupons payable between the settlement date and maturity date, rounded up to
  the nearest whole coupon.
  COUPNUM(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)


  COUPPCD
  Returns a number that represents the previous
  coupon date before the settlement date.
  COUPPCD(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)


  COVAR
  Returns covariance, the
  average of the products of deviations for each data point pair. Use
  covariance to determine the relationship between two data sets. For example,
  you can examine whether greater income accompanies greater levels of
  education.
  COVAR(array1,array2)


  CRITBINOM
  Returns the smallest value for which the cumulative
  binomial distribution is greater than or equal to a criterion value. Use this
  function for quality assurance applications. For example, use CRITBINOM to
  determine the greatest number of defective parts that are allowed to come off
  an assembly line run without rejecting the entire lot.
  CRITBINOM(trials,probability_s,alpha)


  CUBEKPIMEMBER
  Returns a key performance
  indicator (KPI) property and displays the KPI name in the cell. A KPI is a
  quantifiable measurement, such as monthly gross profit or quarterly employee
  turnover, that is used to monitor an organization's performance.
  CUBEKPIMEMBER(connection,kpi_name,kpi_property,caption)


  CUBEMEMBER
  Returns a member or tuple from the cube. Use to
  validate that the member or tuple exists in the cube.
  CUBEMEMBER(connection,member_expression,caption)


  CUBEMEMBERPROPERTY
  Returns the value of a
  member property from the cube. Use to validate that a member name exists
  within the cube and to return the specified property for this member.
  CUBEMEMBERPROPERTY(connection,member_expression,property)


  CUBERANKEDMEMBER
  Returns the nth, or ranked, member in a set. Use to
  return one or more elements in a set, such as the top sales performer or the
  top 10 students.
  CUBERANKEDMEMBER(connection,set_expression,rank,caption)


  CUBESET
  Defines a calculated set
  of members or tuples by sending a set expression to the cube on the server,
  which creates the set, and then returns that set to Microsoft Office Excel.
  CUBESET(connection,set_expression,caption,sort_order,sort_by)


  CUBESETCOUNT
  Returns the number of items in a set.
  CUBESETCOUNT(set)


  CUBEVALUE
  Returns an aggregated
  value from the cube.
  CUBEVALUE(connection,member_expression1,member_expression2…)


  CUMIPMT
  Returns the cumulative interest paid on a loan
  between start_period and end_period.
  CUMIPMT(rate,nper,pv,start_period,end_period,type)


  CUMPRINC
  Returns the cumulative
  principal paid on a loan between start_period and end_period.
  CUMPRINC(rate,nper,pv,start_period,end_period,type)


  DATE
  Returns the sequential serial number that
  represents a particular date. If the cell format was General before the function was entered, the result is formatted as a
  date.
  DATE(year,month,day)


  DATEVALUE
  Returns the serial number
  of the date represented by date_text. Use DATEVALUE to convert a date
  represented by text to a serial number.
  DATEVALUE(date_text)


  DAVERAGE
  Averages the values in a field (column) of records
  in a list or database that match conditions you specify.
  DAVERAGE(database,field,criteria)


  DAY
  Returns the day of a date,
  represented by a serial number. The day is given as an integer ranging from 1
  to 31.
  DAY(serial_number)


  DAYS360
  Returns the number of days between two dates based
  on a 360-day year (twelve 30-day months), which is used in some accounting
  calculations. Use this function to help compute payments if your accounting
  system is based on twelve 30-day months.
  DAYS360(start_date,end_date,method)


  DB
  Returns the depreciation
  of an asset for a specified period using the fixed-declining balance method.
  DB(cost,salvage,life,period,month)


  DCOUNT
  Counts the cells that contain numbers in a field
  (column) of records in a list or database that match conditions that you
  specify.
  DCOUNT(database,field,criteria)


  DCOUNTA
  Counts the nonblank cells
  in a field (column) of records in a list or database that match conditions
  that you specify.
  DCOUNTA(database,field,criteria)


  DDB
  Returns the depreciation of an asset for a
  specified period using the double-declining balance method or some other
  method you specify.
  DDB(cost,salvage,life,period,factor)


  DEC2BIN
  Converts a decimal number
  to binary.
  DEC2BIN(number,places)


  DEC2HEX
  Converts a decimal number to hexadecimal.
  DEC2HEX(number,places)


  DEC2OCT
  Converts a decimal number
  to octal.
  DEC2OCT(number, places)


  DEGREES
  Converts radians into degrees.
  DEGREES(angle)


  DELTA
  Tests whether two values
  are equal. Returns 1 if number1 = number2; returns 0 otherwise. Use this
  function to filter a set of values. For example, by summing several DELTA
  functions you calculate the count of equal pairs. This function is also known
  as the Kronecker Delta function.
  DELTA(number1,number2)


  DEVSQ
  Returns the sum of squares of deviations of data
  points from their sample mean.
  DEVSQ(number1,number2,...)


  DGET
  Extracts a single value
  from a column of a list or database that matches conditions that you specify.
  DGET(database,field,criteria)


  DISC
  Returns the discount rate for a security.
  DISC(settlement,maturity,pr,redemption,basis)


  DMAX
  Returns the largest number
  in a field (column) of records in a list or database that matches conditions
  you that specify.
  DMAX(database,field,criteria)


  DMIN
  Returns the smallest number in a field (column) of
  records in a list or database that matches conditions that you specify.
  DMIN(database,field,criteria)


  DOLLAR
  The function described in
  this Help topic converts a number to text format and applies a currency
  symbol. The name of the function (and the symbol that it applies) depends
  upon your language settings.
  DOLLAR(number,decimals)


  DOLLARDE
  Converts a dollar price expressed as a fraction
  into a dollar price expressed as a decimal number. Use DOLLARDE to convert
  fractional dollar numbers, such as securities prices, to decimal numbers.
  DOLLARDE(fractional_dollar,fraction)


  DOLLARFR
  Converts a dollar price
  expressed as a decimal number into a dollar price expressed as a fraction.
  Use DOLLARFR to convert decimal numbers to fractional dollar numbers, such as
  securities prices.
  DOLLARFR(decimal_dollar,fraction)


  DPRODUCT
  Multiplies the values in a field (column) of
  records in a list or database that match conditions that you specify.
  DPRODUCT(database,field,criteria)


  DSTDEV
  Estimates the standard
  deviation of a population based on a sample by using the numbers in a field
  (column) of records in a list or database that match conditions that you
  specify.
  DSTDEV(database,field,criteria)


  DSTDEVP
  Calculates the standard deviation of a population
  based on the entire population by using the numbers in a field (column) of
  records in a list or database that match conditions that you specify.
  DSTDEVP(database,field,criteria)


  DSUM
  Adds the numbers in a
  field (column) of records in a list or database that match conditions that
  you specify.
  DSUM(database,field,criteria)


  DURATION
  Returns the Macauley duration for an assumed par
  value of $100. Duration is defined as the weighted average of the present
  value of the cash flows and is used as a measure of a bond price's response
  to changes in yield.
  DURATION(settlement,maturity,coupon,yld,frequency,basis)


  DVAR
  Estimates the variance of
  a population based on a sample by using the numbers in a field (column) of
  records in a list or database that match conditions that you specify.
  DVAR(database,field,criteria)


  DVARP
  Calculates the variance of a population based on
  the entire population by using the numbers in a field (column) of records in
  a list or database that match conditions that you specify.
  DVARP(database,field,criteria)


  EDATE
  Returns the serial number
  that represents the date that is the indicated number of months before or
  after a specified date (the start_date). Use EDATE to calculate maturity
  dates or due dates that fall on the same day of the month as the date of
  issue.
  EDATE(start_date,months)


  EFFECT
  Returns the effective annual interest rate, given
  the nominal annual interest rate and the number of compounding periods per
  year.
  EFFECT(nominal_rate,npery)


  EOMONTH
  Returns the serial number
  for the last day of the month that is the indicated number of months before
  or after start_date. Use EOMONTH to calculate maturity dates or due dates
  that fall on the last day of the month.
  EOMONTH(start_date,months)


  ERF
  Returns the error function integrated between
  lower_limit and upper_limit.
  ERF(lower_limit,upper_limit)


  ERFC
  Returns the complementary
  ERF function integrated between x and infinity.
  ERFC(x)


  ERROR.TYPE
  Returns a number corresponding to one of the error
  values in Microsoft Excel or returns the #N/A error if no error exists. You
  can use ERROR.TYPE in an IF function to test for an error value and return a
  text string, such as a message, instead of the error value.
  ERROR.TYPE(error_val)


  EVEN
  Returns number rounded up
  to the nearest even integer. You can use this function for processing items
  that come in twos. For example, a packing crate accepts rows of one or two
  items. The crate is full when the number of items, rounded up to the nearest two,
  matches the crate's capacity.
  EVEN(number)


  EXACT
  Compares two text strings and returns TRUE if they
  are exactly the same, FALSE otherwise. EXACT is case-sensitive but ignores
  formatting differences. Use EXACT to test text being entered into a document.
  EXACT(text1,text2)


  EXP
  Returns e raised to the
  power of number. The constant e equals 2.71828182845904, the base of the
  natural logarithm.
  EXP(number)


  EXPONDIST
  Returns the exponential distribution. Use EXPONDIST
  to model the time between events, such as how long an automated bank teller
  takes to deliver cash. For example, you can use EXPONDIST to determine the
  probability that the process takes at most 1 minute.
  EXPONDIST(x,lambda,cumulative)


  FACT
  Returns the factorial of a
  number. The factorial of a number is equal to 1*2*3*...* number.
  FACT(number)


  FACTDOUBLE
  Returns the double factorial of a number.
  FACTDOUBLE(number)


  FALSE
  Returns the logical value
  FALSE.
  FALSE(
  )


  FDIST
  Returns the F probability distribution. You can use
  this function to determine whether two data sets have different degrees of
  diversity. For example, you can examine the test scores of men and women
  entering high school and determine if the variability in the females is
  different from that found in the males.
  FDIST(x,degrees_freedom1,degrees_freedom2)


  FIND
  FIND and FINDB locate one
  text string within a second text string, and return the number of the
  starting position of the first text string from the first character of the
  second text string.
  FIND(find_text,within_text,start_num)


  FINV
  Returns the inverse of the F probability
  distribution. If p = FDIST(x,...), then FINV(p,...) = x.
  FINV(probability,degrees_freedom1,degrees_freedom2)


  FISHER
  Returns the Fisher
  transformation at x. This transformation produces a function that is normally
  distributed rather than skewed. Use this function to perform hypothesis
  testing on the correlation coefficient.
  FISHER(x)


  FISHERINV
  Returns the inverse of the Fisher transformation.
  Use this transformation when analyzing correlations between ranges or arrays
  of data. If y = FISHER(x), then FISHERINV(y) = x.
  FISHERINV(y)


  FIXED
  Rounds a number to the
  specified number of decimals, formats the number in decimal format using a
  period and commas, and returns the result as text.
  FIXED(number,decimals,no_commas)


  FLOOR
  Rounds number down, toward zero, to the nearest
  multiple of significance.
  FLOOR(number,significance)


  FORECAST
  Calculates, or predicts, a
  future value by using existing values. The predicted value is a y-value for a
  given x-value. The known values are existing x-values and y-values, and the
  new value is predicted by using linear regression. You can use this function
  to predict future sales, inventory requirements, or consumer trends.
  FORECAST(x,known_y's,known_x's)


  FREQUENCY
  Calculates how often values occur within a range of
  values, and then returns a vertical array of numbers. For example, use
  FREQUENCY to count the number of test scores that fall within ranges of
  scores. Because FREQUENCY returns an array, it must be entered as an array
  formula.
  FREQUENCY(data_array,bins_array)


  FTEST
  Returns the result of an
  F-test. An F-test returns the two-tailed probability that the variances in
  array1 and array2 are not significantly different. Use this function to
  determine whether two samples have different variances. For example, given
  test scores from public and private schools, you can test whether these
  schools have different levels of test score diversity.
  FTEST(array1,array2)


  FV
  Returns the future value of an investment based on
  periodic, constant payments and a constant interest rate.
  FV(rate,nper,pmt,pv,type)


  FVSCHEDULE
  Returns the future value
  of an initial principal after applying a series of compound interest rates.
  Use FVSCHEDULE to calculate the future value of an investment with a variable
  or adjustable rate.
  FVSCHEDULE(principal,schedule)


  GAMMADIST
  Returns the gamma distribution. You can use this
  function to study variables that may have a skewed distribution. The gamma
  distribution is commonly used in queuing analysis.
  GAMMADIST(x,alpha,beta,cumulative)


  GAMMAINV
  Returns the inverse of the
  gamma cumulative distribution. If p = GAMMADIST(x,...), then GAMMAINV(p,...)
  = x.
  GAMMAINV(probability,alpha,beta)


  GAMMALN
  Returns the natural logarithm of the gamma
  function, Γ(x).
  GAMMALN(x)


  GCD
  Returns the greatest
  common divisor of two or more integers. The greatest common divisor is the
  largest integer that divides both number1 and number2 without a remainder.
  GCD(number1,number2, ...)


  GEOMEAN
  Returns the geometric mean of an array or range of
  positive data. For example, you can use GEOMEAN to calculate average growth
  rate given compound interest with variable rates.
  GEOMEAN(number1,number2,...)


  GESTEP
  Returns 1 if number ≥
  step; returns 0 (zero) otherwise. Use this function to filter a set of
  values. For example, by summing several GESTEP functions you calculate the
  count of values that exceed a threshold.
  GESTEP(number,step)


  GETPIVOTDATA
  Returns data stored in a PivotTable report. You can
  use GETPIVOTDATA to retrieve summary data from a PivotTable report, provided
  the summary data is visible in the report.
  GETPIVOTDATA(data_field,pivot_table,field1,item1,field2,item2,...)


  GROWTH
  Calculates predicted
  exponential growth by using existing data. GROWTH returns the y-values for a
  series of new x-values that you specify by using existing x-values and
  y-values. You can also use the GROWTH worksheet function to fit an
  exponential curve to existing x-values and y-values.
  GROWTH(known_y's,known_x's,new_x's,const)


  HARMEAN
  Returns the harmonic mean of a data set. The
  harmonic mean is the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of reciprocals.
  HARMEAN(number1,number2,...)


  HEX2BIN
  Converts a hexadecimal
  number to binary.
  HEX2BIN(number,places)


  HEX2DEC
  Converts a hexadecimal number to decimal.
  HEX2DEC(number)


  HEX2OCT
  Converts a hexadecimal
  number to octal.
  HEX2OCT(number,places)


  HLOOKUP
  Searches for a value in the top row of a table or
  an array (array: Used to build single formulas that produce multiple results
  or that operate on a group of arguments that are arranged in rows and
  columns. An array range shares a common formula; an array constant is a group
  of constants used as an argument.) of values, and then returns a value in the
  same column from a row you specify in the table or array. Use HLOOKUP when
  your comparison values are located in a row across the top of a table of
  data, and you want to look down a specified number of rows. Use VLOOKUP when
  your comparison values are located in a column to the left of the data you
  want to find
  HLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,row_index_num,range_lookup)


  HOUR
  Returns the hour of a time
  value. The hour is given as an integer, ranging from 0 (12:00 A.M.) to 23
  (11:00 P.M.).
  HOUR(serial_number)


  HYPERLINK
  Creates a shortcut or jump that opens a document
  stored on a network server, an intranet (intranet: A network within an
  organization that uses Internet technologies (such as the HTTP or FTP
  protocol). By using hyperlinks, you can explore objects, documents, pages,
  and other destinations on the intranet.), or the Internet. When you click the
  cell that contains the HYPERLINK function, Microsoft Excel opens the file
  stored at link_location
  HYPERLINK(link_location,friendly_name)


  HYPGEOMDIST
  Returns the hypergeometric
  distribution. HYPGEOMDIST returns the probability of a given number of sample
  successes, given the sample size, population successes, and population size.
  Use HYPGEOMDIST for problems with a finite population, where each observation
  is either a success or a failure, and where each subset of a given size is
  chosen with equal likelihood.
  HYPGEOMDIST(sample_s,number_sample,population_s,number_population)


  IF
  Returns one value if a condition you specify
  evaluates to TRUE and another value if it evaluates to FALSE.
  IF(logical_test,value_if_true,value_if_false)


  IFERROR
  Returns a value you
  specify if a formula evaluates to an error; otherwise, returns the result of
  the formula. Use the IFERROR function to trap and handle errors in a
  formula (formula: A sequence of values, cell references, names,
  functions, or operators in a cell that together produce a new value. A
  formula always begins with an equal sign (=).).
  IFERROR(value,value_if_error)


  IMABS
  Returns the absolute value (modulus) of a complex
  number in x + yi or x + yj text format.
  IMABS(inumber)


  IMAGINARY
  Returns the imaginary
  coefficient of a complex number in x + yi or x + yj text format.
  IMAGINARY(inumber)


  IMARGUMENT
  Returns the argument theta, an angle expressed in
  radians
  IMARGUMENT(inumber)


  IMCONJUGATE
  Returns the complex
  conjugate of a complex number in x + yi or x + yj text format.
  IMCONJUGATE(inumber)


  IMCOS
  Returns the cosine of a complex number in x + yi or
  x + yj text format
  IMCOS(inumber)


  IMDIV
  Returns the quotient of
  two complex numbers in x + yi or x + yj text format.
  IMDIV(inumber1,inumber2)


  IMEXP
  Returns the exponential of a complex number in x +
  yi or x + yj text format.
  IMEXP(inumber)


  IMLN
  Returns the natural
  logarithm of a complex number in x + yi or x + yj text format.
  IMLN(inumber)


  IMLOG10
  Returns the common logarithm (base 10) of a complex
  number in x + yi or x + yj text format.
  IMLOG10(inumber)


  IMLOG2
  Returns the base-2
  logarithm of a complex number in x + yi or x + yj text format.
  IMLOG2(inumber)


  IMPOWER
  Returns a complex number in x + yi or x + yj text
  format raised to a power.
  IMPOWER(inumber,number)


  IMPRODUCT
  Returns the product of 1
  to 255 complex numbers in x + yi or x + yj text format.
  IMPRODUCT(inumber1,inumber2,...)


  IMREAL
  Returns the real coefficient of a complex number in
  x + yi or x + yj text format.
  IMREAL(inumber)


  IMSIN
  Returns the sine of a
  complex number in x + yi or x + yj text format.
  IMSIN(inumber)


  IMSQRT
  Returns the square root of a complex number in x +
  yi or x + yj text format.
  IMSQRT(inumber)


  IMSUB
  Returns the difference of
  two complex numbers in x + yi or x + yj text format.
  IMSUB(inumber1,inumber2)


  IMSUM
  Returns the sum of two or more complex numbers in x
  + yi or x + yj text format.
  IMSUM(inumber1,inumber2,...)


  INDEX (array
  form)
  Returns the value of an
  element in a table or an array (array: Used to build single formulas
  that produce multiple results or that operate on a group of arguments that
  are arranged in rows and columns. An array range shares a common formula; an
  array constant is a group of constants used as an argument.), selected by the
  row and column number indexes.
  INDEX(array,row_num,column_num)


  INDEX (reference form)
  Returns the reference of the cell at the
  intersection of a particular row and column. If the reference is made up of
  nonadjacent selections, you can pick the selection to look in.
  INDEX(reference,row_num,column_num,area_num)


  INDIRECT
  Returns the reference
  specified by a text string. References are immediately evaluated to display
  their contents. Use INDIRECT when you want to change the reference to a cell
  within a formula without changing the formula itself.
  INDIRECT(ref_text,a1)


  INFO
  Returns information about the current operating
  environment.
  INFO(type_text)


  INT
  Rounds a number down to
  the nearest integer.
  INT(number)


  INTERCEPT
  Calculates the point at which a line will intersect
  the y-axis by using existing x-values and y-values. The intercept point is
  based on a best-fit regression line plotted through the known x-values and
  known y-values. Use the INTERCEPT function when you want to determine the
  value of the dependent variable when the independent variable is 0 (zero).
  For example, you can use the INTERCEPT function to predict a metal's
  electrical resistance at 0°C when your data points were taken at room
  temperature and higher.
  INTERCEPT(known_y's,known_x's)


  INTRATE
  Returns the interest rate
  for a fully invested security.
  INTRATE(settlement,maturity,investment,redemption,basis)


  IPMT
  Returns the interest payment for a given period for
  an investment based on periodic, constant payments and a constant interest
  rate.
  IPMT(rate,per,nper,pv,fv,type)


  IRR
  Returns the internal rate
  of return for a series of cash flows represented by the numbers in values.
  These cash flows do not have to be even, as they would be for an annuity.
  However, the cash flows must occur at regular intervals, such as monthly or
  annually. The internal rate of return is the interest rate received for an
  investment consisting of payments (negative values) and income (positive
  values) that occur at regular periods.
  IRR(values,guess)


  ISBLANK
  Returns the logical value TRUE if value is a
  reference to an empty cell; otherwise it returns FALSE
  ISBLANK(value)


  ISERR
  Returns the logical value
  TRUE if value is a reference to any error value except #N/A.; otherwise it
  returns FALSE
  ISERR(value)


  ISERROR
  Returns the logical value TRUE if value is a
  reference to any error value (#N/A, #VALUE!, #REF!, #DIV/0!, #NUM!, #NAME?,
  or #NULL!).; otherwise it returns FALSE
  ISERROR(value)


  ISEVEN
  Returns TRUE if number is
  even, or FALSE if number is odd.
  ISEVEN(number)


  ISLOGICAL
  Returns the logical value TRUE if value is a
  reference to a logical value; otherwise it returns FALSE
  ISLOGICAL(value)


  ISNA
  Returns the logical value
  TRUE if value is a reference to the #N/A (value not available) error value.;
  otherwise it returns FALSE
  ISNA(value)


  ISNONTEXT
  Returns the logical value TRUE if value is a
  reference to any item that is not text. (Note that this function returns TRUE
  if value refers to a blank cell.).; otherwise it returns FALSE
  ISNONTEXT(value)


  ISNUMBER
  Returns the logical value
  TRUE if value is a reference to a number; otherwise it returns FALSE
  ISNUMBER(value)


  ISODD
  Returns TRUE if number is odd, or FALSE if number
  is even.
  ISODD(number)


  ISPMT
  Calculates the interest
  paid during a specific period of an investment. This function is provided for
  compatibility with Lotus 1-2-3.
  ISPMT(rate,per,nper,pv)


  ISREF
  Returns the logical value TRUE if value is a
  reference to a reference; otherwise it returns FALSE
  ISREF(value)


  ISTEXT
  Returns the logical value
  TRUE if value is a reference to text; otherwise it returns FALSE
  ISTEXT(value)


  KURT
  Returns the kurtosis of a data set. Kurtosis
  characterizes the relative peakedness or flatness of a distribution compared
  with the normal distribution. Positive kurtosis indicates a relatively peaked
  distribution. Negative kurtosis indicates a relatively flat distribution.
  KURT(number1,number2,...)


  LARGE
  Returns the k-th largest
  value in a data set. You can use this function to select a value based on its
  relative standing. For example, you can use LARGE to return the highest,
  runner-up, or third-place score.
  LARGE(array,k)


  LCM
  Returns the least common multiple of integers. The
  least common multiple is the smallest positive integer that is a multiple of
  all integer arguments number1, number2, and so on. Use LCM to add fractions
  with different denominators.
  LCM(number1,number2, ...)


  LEFT
  LEFT returns the first
  character or characters in a text string, based on the number of characters
  you specify.
  LEFT(text,num_chars)


  LEFTB
  LEFTB counts each double-byte character as 2 when
  you have enabled the editing of a language that supports DBCS and then set it
  as the default language. Otherwise, LEFTB counts each character as 1.
  LEFTB(text,num_bytes)


  LEN
  LEN returns the number of
  characters in a text string.
  LEN(text)


  LENB
  LENB returns the number of bytes used to represent
  the characters in a text string.
  LENB(text)


  LINEST
  Calculates the statistics
  for a line by using the "least squares" method to calculate a
  straight line that best fits your data, and then returns an array that
  describes the line. You can also combine LINEST with other functions to
  calculate the statistics for other types of models that are linear in the
  unknown parameters, including polynomial, logarithmic, exponential, and power
  series. Because this function returns an array of values, it must be entered
  as an array formula.

   

    The equation for the line is:

   

    y = mx + b or

   

    y = m1x1 + m2x2 + ... + b (if there are multiple ranges of x-values)

   

   
  LINEST(known_y's,known_x's,const,stats)


  LN
  Returns the natural logarithm of a number. Natural
  logarithms are based on the constant e (2.71828182845904).
  LN(number)


  LOG
  Returns the logarithm of a
  number to the base you specify.
  LOG(number,base)


  LOG10
  Returns the base-10 logarithm of a number.
  LOG10(number)


  LOGEST
  In regression analysis,
  calculates an exponential curve that fits your data and returns an array of
  values that describes the curve. Because this function returns an array of
  values, it must be entered as an array formula.

   

    The equation for the curve is:

   

    y = b*m^x or

   

    y = (b*(m1^x1)*(m2^x2)*_) (if there are multiple x-values)

   

   
  LOGEST(known_y's,known_x's,const,stats)


  LOGINV
  Returns the inverse of the lognormal cumulative
  distribution function of x, where ln(x) is normally distributed with
  parameters mean and standard_dev. If p = LOGNORMDIST(x,...) then

  LOGINV(p,...) = x.
  LOGINV(probability,mean,standard_dev)


  LOGNORMDIST
  Returns the cumulative
  lognormal distribution of x, where ln(x) is normally distributed with
  parameters mean and standard_dev. Use this function to analyze data that has
  been logarithmically transformed.
  LOGNORMDIST(x,mean,standard_dev)


  LOOKUP (Vector form)
  Returns a value either from a one-row or one-column
  range or from an array (array: Used to build single formulas that produce
  multiple results or that operate on a group of arguments that are arranged in
  rows and columns. An array range shares a common formula; an array constant
  is a group of constants used as an argument.). The LOOKUP function has two
  syntax forms: the vector form and the array form. Use the vector form when
  you have a large list of values to look up or when the values may change over
  time.
  LOOKUP(lookup_value,lookup_vector,result_vector)


  LOOKUP
  (Array form)
  Returns a value either
  from a one-row or one-column range or from an array (array: Used to build
  single formulas that produce multiple results or that operate on a group of
  arguments that are arranged in rows and columns. An array range shares a
  common formula; an array constant is a group of constants used as an
  argument.). The LOOKUP function has two syntax forms: the vector form and the
  array form. Use the array form when you have a small list of values and the
  values remain constant over time.
  LOOKUP(lookup_value,array)


  LOWER
  Converts all uppercase letters in a text string to
  lowercase.
  LOWER(text)


  MATCH
  Returns the relative
  position of an item in an array (array: Used to build single formulas
  that produce multiple results or that operate on a group of arguments that
  are arranged in rows and columns. An array range shares a common formula; an
  array constant is a group of constants used as an argument.) that matches a
  specified value in a specified order. Use MATCH instead of one of the LOOKUP
  functions when you need the position of an item in a range instead of the
  item itself.
  MATCH(lookup_value,lookup_array,match_type)


  MAX
  Returns the largest value in a set of values.
  MAX(number1,number2,...)


  MAXA
  Returns the largest value
  in a list of arguments.
  MAXA(value1,value2,...)


  MDETERM
  Returns the matrix determinant of an array.
  MDETERM(array)


  MDURATION
  Returns the modified
  Macauley duration for a security with an assumed par value of $100.
  MDURATION(settlement,maturity,coupon,yld,frequency,basis)


  MEDIAN
  Returns the median of the given numbers. The median
  is the number in the middle of a set of numbers.
  MEDIAN(number1,number2,...)


  MID
  MID returns a specific
  number of characters from a text string, starting at the position you
  specify, based on the number of characters you specify.
  MID(text,start_num,num_chars)


  MIDB
  MIDB returns a specific number of characters from a
  text string, starting at the position you specify, based on the number of
  bytes you specify.
  MIDB(text,start_num,num_bytes)


  MIN
  Returns the smallest
  number in a set of values.
  MIN(number1,number2,...)


  MINA
  Returns the smallest value in the list of
  arguments.
  MINA(value1,value2,...)


  MINUTE
  Returns the minutes of a
  time value. The minute is given as an integer, ranging from 0 to 59.
  MINUTE(serial_number)


  MINVERSE
  Returns the inverse matrix for the matrix stored in
  an array.
  MINVERSE(array)


  MIRR
  Returns the modified
  internal rate of return for a series of periodic cash flows. MIRR considers
  both the cost of the investment and the interest received on reinvestment of
  cash.
  MIRR(values,finance_rate,reinvest_rate)


  MMULT
  Returns the matrix product of two arrays. The
  result is an array with the same number of rows as array1 and the same number
  of columns as array2.
  MMULT(array1,array2)


  MOD
  Returns the remainder
  after number is divided by divisor. The result has the same sign as divisor.
  MOD(number,divisor)


  MODE
  Returns the most frequently occurring, or
  repetitive, value in an array or range of data.
  MODE(number1,number2,...)


  MONTH
  Returns the month of a
  date represented by a serial number. The month is given as an integer,
  ranging from 1 (January) to 12 (December).
  MONTH(serial_number)


  MROUND
  Returns a number rounded to the desired multiple.
  MROUND(number,multiple)


  MULTINOMIAL
  Returns the ratio of the
  factorial of a sum of values to the product of factorials.
  MULTINOMIAL(number1,number2,
  ...)


  N
  Returns a value converted to a number.
  N(value)


  NA
  Returns the error value
  #N/A. #N/A is the error value that means "no value is available."
  Use NA to mark empty cells. By entering #N/A in cells where you are missing
  information, you can avoid the problem of unintentionally including empty
  cells in your calculations. (When a formula refers to a cell containing #N/A,
  the formula returns the #N/A error value.)
  NA( )


  NEGBINOMDIST
  Returns the negative binomial distribution.
  NEGBINOMDIST returns the probability that there will be number_f failures
  before the number_s-th success, when the constant probability of a success is
  probability_s. This function is similar to the binomial distribution, except
  that the number of successes is fixed, and the number of trials is variable.
  Like the binomial, trials are assumed to be independent.
  NEGBINOMDIST(number_f,number_s,probability_s)


  NETWORKDAYS
  Returns the number of
  whole working days between start_date and end_date. Working days exclude
  weekends and any dates identified in holidays. Use NETWORKDAYS to calculate
  employee benefits that accrue based on the number of days worked during a
  specific term.
  NETWORKDAYS(start_date,end_date,holidays)


  NOMINAL
  Returns the nominal annual interest rate, given the
  effective rate and the number of compounding periods per year.
  NOMINAL(effect_rate,npery)


  NORMDIST
  Returns the normal
  distribution for the specified mean and standard deviation. This function has
  a very wide range of applications in statistics, including hypothesis
  testing.
  NORMDIST(x,mean,standard_dev,cumulative)


  NORMINV
  Returns the inverse of the normal cumulative
  distribution for the specified mean and standard deviation.
  NORMINV(probability,mean,standard_dev)


  NORMSDIST
  Returns the standard
  normal cumulative distribution function. The distribution has a mean of 0
  (zero) and a standard deviation of one. Use this function in place of a table
  of standard normal curve areas.
  NORMSDIST(z)


  NORMSINV
  Returns the inverse of the standard normal
  cumulative distribution. The distribution has a mean of zero and a standard
  deviation of one.
  NORMSINV(probability)


  NOT
  Reverses the value of its
  argument. Use NOT when you want to make sure a value is not equal to one
  particular value.
  NOT(logical)


  NOW
  Returns the serial number of the current date and
  time. If the cell format was General before the function was entered, the result is formatted as a
  date.
  NOW( )


  NPER
  Returns the number of
  periods for an investment based on periodic, constant payments and a constant
  interest rate.
  NPER(rate, pmt, pv, fv,
  type)


  NPV
  Calculates the net present value of an investment
  by using a discount rate and a series of future payments (negative values)
  and income (positive values).
  NPV(rate,value1,value2,
  ...)


  OCT2BIN
  Converts an octal number
  to binary.
  OCT2BIN(number,places)


  OCT2DEC
  Converts an octal number to decimal.
  OCT2DEC(number)


  OCT2HEX
  Converts an octal number
  to hexadecimal.
  OCT2HEX(number,places)


  ODD
  Returns number rounded up to the nearest odd
  integer.
  ODD(number)


  ODDFPRICE
  Returns the price per $100
  face value of a security having an odd (short or long) first period.
  ODDFPRICE(settlement,maturity,issue,first_coupon,rate,yld,redemption,frequency,basis)


  ODDFYIELD
  Returns the yield of a security that has an odd
  (short or long) first period.
  ODDFYIELD(settlement,maturity,issue,first_coupon,rate,pr,redemption,frequency,basis)


  ODDLPRICE
  Returns the price per $100
  face value of a security having an odd (short or long) last coupon period.
  ODDLPRICE(settlement,maturity,last_interest,rate,yld,redemption,frequency,basis)


  ODDLYIELD
  Returns the yield of a security that has an odd
  (short or long) last period.
  ODDLYIELD(settlement,maturity,last_interest,rate,pr,redemption,frequency,basis)


  OFFSET
  Returns a reference to a
  range that is a specified number of rows and columns from a cell or range of
  cells. The reference that is returned can be a single cell or a range of
  cells. You can specify the number of rows and the number of columns to be
  returned.
  OFFSET(reference,rows,cols,height,width)


  OR
  Returns TRUE if any argument is TRUE; returns FALSE
  if all arguments are FALSE.
  OR(logical1,logical2,...)


  PEARSON
  Returns the Pearson
  product moment correlation coefficient, r, a dimensionless index that ranges
  from -1.0 to 1.0 inclusive and reflects the extent of a linear relationship
  between two data sets.
  PEARSON(array1,array2)


  PERCENTILE
  Returns the k-th percentile of values in a range.
  You can use this function to establish a threshold of acceptance. For
  example, you can decide to examine candidates who score above the 90th
  percentile.
  PERCENTILE(array,k)


  PERCENTRANK
  Returns the rank of a
  value in a data set as a percentage of the data set. This function can be
  used to evaluate the relative standing of a value within a data set. For
  example, you can use PERCENTRANK to evaluate the standing of an aptitude test
  score among all scores for the test.
  PERCENTRANK(array,x,significance)


  PERMUT
  Returns the number of permutations for a given
  number of objects that can be selected from number objects. A permutation is
  any set or subset of objects or events where internal order is significant.
  Permutations are different from combinations, for which the internal order is
  not significant. Use this function for lottery-style probability
  calculations.
  PERMUT(number,number_chosen)


  PI
  Returns the number
  3.14159265358979, the mathematical constant pi, accurate to 15 digits.
  PI( )


  PMT
  Calculates the payment for a loan based on constant
  payments and a constant interest rate.
  PMT(rate,nper,pv,fv,type)


  POISSON
  Returns the Poisson
  distribution. A common application of the Poisson distribution is predicting
  the number of events over a specific time, such as the number of cars
  arriving at a toll plaza in 1 minute.
  POISSON(x,mean,cumulative)


  POWER
  Returns the result of a number raised to a power.
  POWER(number,power)


  PPMT
  Returns the payment on the
  principal for a given period for an investment based on periodic, constant
  payments and a constant interest rate.
  PPMT(rate,per,nper,pv,fv,type)


  PRICE
  Returns the price per $100 face value of a security
  that pays periodic interest.
  PRICE(settlement,maturity,rate,yld,redemption,frequency,basis)


  PRICEDISC
  Returns the price per $100
  face value of a discounted security.
  PRICEDISC(settlement,maturity,discount,redemption,basis)


  PRICEMAT
  Returns the price per $100 face value of a security
  that pays interest at maturity.
  PRICEMAT(settlement,maturity,issue,rate,yld,basis)


  PROB
  Returns the probability
  that values in a range are between two limits. If upper_limit is not
  supplied, returns the probability that values in x_range are equal to
  lower_limit.
  PROB(x_range,prob_range,lower_limit,upper_limit)


  PRODUCT
  Multiplies all the numbers given as arguments and
  returns the product.
  PRODUCT(number1,number2,...)


  PROPER
  Capitalizes the first
  letter in a text string and any other letters in text that follow any
  character other than a letter. Converts all other letters to lowercase
  letters.
  PROPER(text)


  PV
  Returns the present value of an investment. The
  present value is the total amount that a series of future payments is worth
  now. For example, when you borrow money, the loan amount is the present value
  to the lender.
  PV(rate,nper,pmt,fv,type)


  QUARTILE
  Returns the quartile of a
  data set. Quartiles often are used in sales and survey data to divide
  populations into groups. For example, you can use QUARTILE to find the top 25
  percent of incomes in a population.
  QUARTILE(array,quart)


  QUOTIENT
  Returns the integer portion of a division. Use this
  function when you want to discard the remainder of a division.
  QUOTIENT(numerator,denominator)


  RADIANS
  Converts degrees to
  radians
  RADIANS(angle)


  RAND
  Returns an evenly distributed random real number
  greater than or equal to 0 and less than 1. A new random real number is
  returned every time the worksheet is calculated.
  RAND( )


  RANDBETWEEN
  Returns a random integer
  number between the numbers you specify. A new random integer number is
  returned every time the worksheet is calculated.
  RANDBETWEEN(bottom,top)


  RANK
  Returns the rank of a number in a list of numbers.
  The rank of a number is its size relative to other values in a list. (If you
  were to sort the list, the rank of the number would be its position.)
  RANK(number,ref,order)


  RATE
  Returns the interest rate
  per period of an annuity. RATE is calculated by iteration and can have zero
  or more solutions. If the successive results of RATE do not converge to
  within 0.0000001 after 20 iterations, RATE returns the #NUM! error value.
  RATE(nper,pmt,pv,fv,type,guess)


  RECEIVED
  Returns the amount received at maturity for a fully
  invested security.
  RECEIVED(settlement,maturity,investment,discount,basis)


  REPLACE
  REPLACE replaces part of a
  text string, based on the number of characters you specify, with a different
  text string.
  REPLACE(old_text,start_num,num_chars,new_text)


  REPLACEB
  REPLACEB replaces part of a text string, based on
  the number of bytes you specify, with a different text string.
  REPLACEB(old_text,start_num,num_bytes,new_text)


  REPT
  Repeats text a given
  number of times. Use REPT to fill a cell with a number of instances of a text
  string.
  REPT(text,number_times)


  RIGHT
  RIGHT returns the last character or characters in a
  text string, based on the number of characters you specify.
  RIGHT(text,num_chars)


  RIGHTB
  RIGHTB returns the last
  character or characters in a text string, based on the number of bytes you
  specify.
  RIGHTB(text,num_bytes)


  ROMAN
  Converts an arabic numeral to roman, as text.
  ROMAN(number,form)


  ROUND
  Rounds a number to a
  specified number of digits.
  ROUND(number,num_digits)


  ROUNDDOWN
  Rounds a number down, toward zero.
  ROUNDDOWN(number,num_digits)


  ROUNDUP
  Rounds a number up, away
  from 0 (zero).
  ROUNDUP(number,num_digits)


  ROW
  Returns the row number of a reference.
  ROW(reference)


  ROWS
  Returns the number of rows
  in a reference or array (array: Used to build single formulas that
  produce multiple results or that operate on a group of arguments that are
  arranged in rows and columns. An array range shares a common formula; an
  array constant is a group of constants used as an argument.).
  ROWS(array)


  RSQ
  Returns the square of the Pearson product moment
  correlation coefficient through data points in known_y's and known_x's. For
  more information, see PEARSON. The r-squared value can be interpreted as the
  proportion of the variance in y attributable to the variance in x.
  RSQ(known_y's,known_x's)


  RTD
  Retrieves real-time data
  from a program that supports COM automation (COM add-in: A supplemental
  program that extends the capabilities of a Microsoft Office program by adding
  custom commands and specialized features. COM add-ins can run in one or more
  Office programs. COM add-ins use the file name extension .dll or .exe.).
  =RTD(ProgID,server,topic1,[topic2],...)


  SEARCH
  locate one text string within a second text string,
  and return the number of the starting position of the first text string from
  the first character of the second text string.

    SEARCH always counts each character, whether single-byte or double-byte, as
  1, no matter what the default language setting is.

   
  SEARCH(find_text,within_text,start_num)


  SEARCHB
  locate one text string
  within a second text string, and return the number of the starting position
  of the first text string from the first character of the second text string.
 

    SEARCHB counts each double-byte character as 2 when you have enabled the
  editing of a language that supports DBCS and then set it as the default
  language. Otherwise, SEARCHB counts each character as 1.

   
  SEARCHB(find_text,within_text,start_num)


  SECOND
  Returns the seconds of a time value. The second is
  given as an integer in the range 0 (zero) to 59.
  SECOND(serial_number)


  SERIESSUM
  Returns the sum of a power
  series expansion
  SERIESSUM(x,n,m,coefficients)


  SIGN
  Determines the sign of a number. Returns 1 if the
  number is positive, zero (0) if the number is 0, and -1 if the number is
  negative.
  SIGN(number)


  SIN
  Returns the sine of the
  given angle.
  SIN(number)


  SINH
  Returns the hyperbolic sine of a number.
  SINH(number)


  SKEW
  Returns the skewness of a
  distribution. Skewness characterizes the degree of asymmetry of a
  distribution around its mean. Positive skewness indicates a distribution with
  an asymmetric tail extending toward more positive values. Negative skewness
  indicates a distribution with an asymmetric tail extending toward more
  negative values.
  SKEW(number1,number2,...)


  SLN
  Returns the straight-line depreciation of an asset
  for one period.
  SLN(cost,salvage,life)


  SLOPE
  Returns the slope of the
  linear regression line through data points in known_y's and known_x's. The
  slope is the vertical distance divided by the horizontal distance between any
  two points on the line, which is the rate of change along the regression line.
  SLOPE(known_y's,known_x's)


  SMALL
  Returns the k-th smallest value in a data set. Use
  this function to return values with a particular relative standing in a data
  set.
  SMALL(array,k)


  SQRT
  Returns a positive square
  root.
  SQRT(number)


  STANDARDIZE
  Returns a normalized value from a distribution
  characterized by mean and standard_dev.
  STANDARDIZE(x,mean,standard_dev)


  STDEV
  Estimates standard
  deviation based on a sample. The standard deviation is a measure of how
  widely values are dispersed from the average value (the mean).
  STDEV(number1,number2,...)


  STDEVA
  Estimates standard deviation based on a sample. The
  standard deviation is a measure of how widely values are dispersed from the
  average value (the mean).
  STDEVA(value1,value2,...)


  STDEVP
  Calculates standard
  deviation based on the entire population given as arguments. The standard
  deviation is a measure of how widely values are dispersed from the average
  value (the mean).
  STDEVP(number1,number2,...)


  STDEVPA
  Calculates standard deviation based on the entire
  population given as arguments, including text and logical values. The
  standard deviation is a measure of how widely values are dispersed from the
  average value (the mean).
  STDEVPA(value1,value2,...)


  STEYX
  Returns the standard error
  of the predicted y-value for each x in the regression. The standard error is
  a measure of the amount of error in the prediction of y for an individual x.
  STEYX(known_y's,known_x's)


  SUBSTITUTE
  Substitutes new_text for old_text in a text string.
  Use SUBSTITUTE when you want to replace specific text in a text string; use
  REPLACE when you want to replace any text that occurs in a specific location
  in a text string.
  SUBSTITUTE(text,old_text,new_text,instance_num)


  SUBTOTAL
  Returns a subtotal in a
  list or database. It is generally easier to create a list with subtotals by
  using the Subtotal command in
  the Outline group on
  the Data tab. Once the
  subtotal list is created, you can modify it by editing the SUBTOTAL function.
  SUBTOTAL(function_num, ref1, ref2, ...)


  SUM
  Adds all the numbers in a range of cells.
  SUM(number1,number2, ...)


  SUMIF
  Adds the cells specified
  by a given criteria.
  SUMIF(range,criteria,sum_range)


  SUMIFS
  Adds the cells in a range that meet multiple
  criteria.
  SUMIFS(sum_range,criteria_range1,criteria1,criteria_range2,criteria2…)


  SUMPRODUCT
  Multiplies corresponding
  components in the given arrays, and returns the sum of those products.
  SUMPRODUCT(array1,array2,array3,
  ...)


  SUMSQ
  Returns the sum of the squares of the arguments.
  SUMSQ(number1,number2, ...)


  SUMX2MY2
  Returns the sum of the
  difference of squares of corresponding values in two arrays.
  SUMX2MY2(array_x,array_y)


  SUMX2PY2
  Returns the sum of the sum of squares of
  corresponding values in two arrays. The sum of the sum of squares is a common
  term in many statistical calculations.
  SUMX2PY2(array_x,array_y)


  SYMXMY2
  Returns the sum of squares
  of differences of corresponding values in two arrays.
  SUMXMY2(array_x,array_y)


  SYD
  Returns the sum-of-years' digits depreciation of an
  asset for a specified period.
  SYD(cost,salvage,life,per)


  T
  Returns the text referred
  to by value.
  T(value)


  TAN
  Returns the tangent of the given angle.
  TAN(number)


  TANH
  Returns the hyperbolic
  tangent of a number.
  TANH(number)


  TBILLEQ
  Returns the bond-equivalent yield for a Treasury
  bill.
  TBILLEQ(settlement,maturity,discount)


  TBILLPRICE
  Returns the price per $100
  face value for a Treasury bill.
  TBILLPRICE(settlement,maturity,discount)


  TBILLYIELD
  Returns the yield for a Treasury bill.
  TBILLYIELD(settlement,maturity,pr)


  TDIST
  Returns the Percentage
  Points (probability) for the Student t-distribution where a numeric value (x)
  is a calculated value of t for which the Percentage Points are to be
  computed. The t-distribution is used in the hypothesis testing of small
  sample data sets. Use this function in place of a table of critical values
  for the t-distribution.
  TDIST(x,degrees_freedom,tails)


  TEXT
  Converts a value to text in a specific number
  format.
  TEXT(value,format_text)


  TIME
  Returns the decimal number
  for a particular time. If the cell format was General before the function was entered, the result is formatted as a
  date.

   

    The decimal number returned by TIME is a value ranging from 0 (zero) to
  0.99999999, representing the times from 0:00:00 (12:00:00 AM) to 23:59:59
  (11:59:59 P.M.).
  TIME(hour,minute,second)


  TIMEVALUE
  Returns the decimal number of the time represented
  by a text string. The decimal number is a value ranging from 0 (zero) to
  0.99999999, representing the times from 0:00:00 (12:00:00 AM) to 23:59:59
  (11:59:59 P.M.).
  TIMEVALUE(time_text)


  TINV
  Returns the t-value of the
  Student's t-distribution as a function of the probability and the degrees of
  freedom.
  TINV(probability,degrees_freedom)


  TODAY
  Returns the serial number of the current date. The
  serial number is the date-time code used by Microsoft Excel for date and time
  calculations. If the cell format was General before the function was entered, the result is formatted as a
  date.
  TODAY( )


  TRANSPOSE
  Returns a vertical range
  of cells as a horizontal range, or vice versa. TRANSPOSE must be entered as
  an array formula (array formula: A formula that
  performs multiple calculations on one or more sets of values, and then
  returns either a single result or multiple results. Array formulas are
  enclosed between braces { } and are entered by pressing CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER.) in a range that has the same number of rows and columns,
  respectively, as an array (array: Used to
  build single formulas that produce multiple results or that operate on a
  group of arguments that are arranged in rows and columns. An array range
  shares a common formula; an array constant is a group of constants used as an
  argument.) has columns and rows. Use TRANSPOSE to
  shift the vertical and horizontal orientation of an array on a worksheet.
  TRANSPOSE(array)


  TREND
  Returns values along a linear trend. Fits a
  straight line (using the method of least squares) to the arrays known_y's and
  known_x's. Returns the y-values along that line for the array of new_x's that
  you specify.
  TREND(known_y's,known_x's,new_x's,const)


  TRIM
  Removes all spaces from
  text except for single spaces between words. Use TRIM on text that you have
  received from another application that may have irregular spacing.
  TRIM(text)


  TRIMMEAN
  Returns the mean of the interior of a data set.
  TRIMMEAN calculates the mean taken by excluding a percentage of data points
  from the top and bottom tails of a data set. You can use this function when
  you wish to exclude outlying data from your analysis.
  TRIMMEAN(array,percent)


  TRUE
  Returns the logical value
  TRUE.
  TRUE(
  )


  TRUNC
  Truncates a number to an integer by removing the
  fractional part of the number.
  TRUNC(number,num_digits)


  TTEST
  Returns the probability
  associated with a Student's t-Test. Use TTEST to determine whether two
  samples are likely to have come from the same two underlying populations that
  have the same mean.
  TTEST(array1,array2,tails,type)


  TYPE
  Returns the type of value. Use TYPE when the
  behavior of another function depends on the type of value in a particular
  cell.
  TYPE(value)


  UPPER
  Converts text to
  uppercase.
  UPPER(text)


  VALUE
  Converts a text string that represents a number to
  a number.
  VALUE(text)


  VAR
  Estimates variance based
  on a sample.
  VAR(number1,number2,...)


  VARA
  Estimates variance based on a sample.
  VARA(value1,value2,...)


  VARP
  Calculates variance based
  on the entire population.
  VARP(number1,number2,...)


  VARPA
  Calculates variance based on the entire population.
  VARPA(value1,value2,...)


  VDB
  Returns the depreciation
  of an asset for any period you specify, including partial periods, using the
  double-declining balance method or some other method you specify. VDB stands
  for variable declining balance.
  VDB(cost,salvage,life,start_period,end_period,factor,no_switch)


  VLOOKUP

  Searches for a value in the first column of a table
  array and returns a value in the same row from another column in the table
  array.
  VLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,col_index_num,range_lookup)


  WEEKDAY
  Returns the day of the
  week corresponding to a date. The day is given as an integer, ranging from 1
  (Sunday) to 7 (Saturday), by default.
  WEEKDAY(serial_number,return_type)


  WEEKNUM
  Returns a number that indicates where the week
  falls numerically within a year.
  WEEKNUM(serial_num,return_type)


  WEIBULL
  Returns the Weibull
  distribution. Use this distribution in reliability analysis, such as
  calculating a device's mean time to failure.
  WEIBULL(x,alpha,beta,cumulative)


  WORKDAY
  Returns a number that represents a date that is the
  indicated number of working days before or after a date (the starting date).
  Working days exclude weekends and any dates identified as holidays. Use
  WORKDAY to exclude weekends or holidays when you calculate invoice due dates,
  expected delivery times, or the number of days of work performed.
  WORKDAY(start_date,days,holidays)


  XIRR
  Returns the internal rate
  of return for a schedule of cash flows that is not necessarily periodic. To
  calculate the internal rate of return for a series of periodic cash flows,
  use the IRR function.
  XIRR(values,dates,guess)


  XNPV
  Returns the net present value for a schedule of
  cash flows that is not necessarily periodic. To calculate the net present
  value for a series of cash flows that is periodic, use the NPV function.
  XNPV(rate,values,dates)


  YEAR
  Returns the year
  corresponding to a date. The year is returned as an integer in the range
  1900-9999.
  YEAR(serial_number)


  YEARFRAC
  Calculates the fraction of the year represented by
  the number of whole days between two dates (the start_date and the end_date).
  Use the YEARFRAC worksheet function to identify the proportion of a whole
  year's benefits or obligations to assign to a specific term.
  YEARFRAC(start_date,end_date,basis)


  YIELD
  Returns the yield on a
  security that pays periodic interest. Use YIELD to calculate bond yield.
  YIELD(settlement,maturity,rate,pr,redemption,frequency,basis)


  YIELDDISC
  Returns the annual yield for a discounted security.
  YIELDDISC(settlement,maturity,pr,redemption,basis)


  YIELDMAT
  Returns the annual yield
  of a security that pays interest at maturity.
  YIELDMAT(settlement,maturity,issue,rate,pr,basis)


  ZTEST
  Returns the one-tailed probability-value of a
  z-test. For a given hypothesized population mean, μ0, ZTEST returns the probability that the sample mean would be
  greater than the average of observations in the data set (array) — that is,
  the observed sample mean.
  ZTEST(array,μ0,sigma)


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